Tauseef Ahmad

Influence of organic acids or fermentable carbohydrates on feeding value of urea treated wheat straw for Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls fed ad libitum diets

Abstract Four Nili-Ravi Buffalo bulls were used to study the influence of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) ensiled with organic acids or fermentable carbohydrates on nutrients digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance. Four diets each having 50% dry matter (DM) from UTWS ensiled with acetic acid (AD), formic acid (FD), acidified molasses (MD) or corn steep liquor (CD) were fed to ruminally cannulated bulls in a 4×4 Latin square design. Higher ruminal ammonia N at 3 and 6 h post prandial was observed with AD and FD diets. However, at 12 h post parandial, ammonia N was higher with MD and CD diets. The digestibility was similar across all treatments. The N balance was higher in bulls fed CD and MD diets than those fed AD and FD diets. Ensiling UTWS with fermentable carbohydrates compared to organic acids increases the N fixation in the matrix of cell wall fiber thus slowing its release at ruminal level that enhanced the N synchronization with carbon skeleton (fiber fermentation) and this consequently minimizes N loss from the rumen. These results indicate that the UTWS ensiled with fermentable carbohydrates is of better feeding value for ruminants than UTWS ensiled with organic acids.

BREAST CANCER IS THE MOST COMMON CANCER IN WOMEN

Introduction : Among infectious diseases on the surface of the globe cancer is one of the most leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The breast cancer is the most frequent cause of the death in women worldwide and 1 ranked second cause of death due to cancer . The breast cancer is the malignancy of the cell which constitutes the breast tissue. The ductal carcinoma is the common form of the breast cancer and 70-80% originates from the ducts followed by lobular carcinoma 4-5% originates from lobules milk producing 2,3,4 5,6,7 glands . The breast cancer are affected the male but it is very rare . In 2004, 519,000 women are died due 1 to breast cancer and 69% of these deaths were reported in the developing countries . In the Pakistan the breast cancer is more common in young age while it is common in old age in the western population. In 5,8,9 Pakistan the annual standardized breast cancer rate is 69.1/100,000 . Out of nine, one Pakistani woman 10 suffer from breast cancer which is one of the most high incidence rates in Asia . In breast cancer several histopathological features have prognostic significance include, lymphovascular invasion, oestrogen and progesterone receptor status, tumor grade, proliferation markers and DNA content, peptide hormones, 11 oncogenes, and tumour suppressor genes growth factors and their receptors . The risk factors associated with breast cancer are age, early menarche, family history, use of combined estrogen and progestin menopausal hormones, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, accesses to health care center, low socioeconomic status, lack of awareness regarding the disease are the major factors contribute in the spread 12 of the disease .