Teija Hammar

Home-care clients’ need for help, and use and costs of services

The aims of the study were to describe (1) the need for help as well as the use and costs of services of home help and/or home nursing (home care) and (2) to identify the variables associated with the use and costs of health and social care services. A total of 721 Finnish home-care clients were interviewed in 2001. The need for help was assessed by basic and instrumental activities of daily Living (ADL) and in terms of pain and illness, rest and sleep, psychosocial well-being and social and environment variables. The Anderson–Newman model was used to study predictors of use of services, including visits of home-care personnel and visits to the doctor, nurse, physiotherapist, laboratory and hospital. Weekly costs of services were calculated. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses. The clients had poor functional ability and they needed help at least once a week with, on average, 6 out of 15 ADL functions, and 5 out of 13 items relating to pain and illnesses, rest and sleep, psychosocial well-being and social and environment items. The enabling and need variables, particularly the variables “living alone” and “perceived need for help”, were important predictors for the use of services. Social care constituted more than half of the average weekly costs of municipalities. The perceived need for help with basic ADL was associated with higher costs. To ensure the quality of life among home-care clients while keeping costs reasonable is a challenge for municipalities.

The cost-effectiveness of integrated home care and discharge practice for home care patients

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of integrated home care and discharge practice (IHCaD-practice) on the use of services and cost-effectiveness. METHODS A cluster randomised trial with Finnish municipalities (n=22) as the units of randomisation. At baseline the sample included 668 home care patients aged 65 years or over. Data consisted of interviews (discharge, 3-week, 6-month) and care registers. The intervention was a generic prototype of care/case management-practice that was tailored to each municipalitys needs. The effects were evaluated in terms of the use and cost of health and social care services. Unit costs of services were calculated. Cost-effectiveness was calculated for changes in health-related quality of life using the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the EQ-5D instruments. All analyses were based on intention-to-treat. RESULTS At 6-month follow-ups, the patients in the trail group used less home care, doctor and laboratory services than patients in the non-trial group. Similar differences between groups were found regarding costs. According to the NHP instrument, the IHCaD-practice showed higher cost-effectiveness compared to the old practice. No evidence for cost-effectiveness was found with the EQ-5D instrument. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the IHCaD-practice may be a cost-effective alternative to usual care.