Terence J. G. Tracey

Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory.

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients

Toward a Fuller Conception of Machismo: Development of a Traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale.

Machismo is an important concept describing men’s behavior in Mexican culture, yet it is not welldefined. Most conceptions of machismo focus on a restricted, negative view of hypermasculinity. The authors posit that a fuller conception consists of 2 parts: traditional machismo and caballerismo, which is a focus on emotional connectedness. The authors developed a scale to measure these dimensions and found support for these 2 independent factors in 2 separate studies of Mexican American men. Traditional Machismo was related to aggression and antisocial behavior, greater levels of alexithymia, and more wishful thinking as a coping mechanism. Caballerismo was positively associated with affiliation, ethnic identity, and problem-solving coping. Traditional Machismo was also associated with less education, whereas there were no differences across education level on Caballerismo scores. These results support the more complete, two-dimensional representation of machismo.

Prediger's Dimensional Representation of Holland's RIASEC Circumplex

The authors conducted a structural meta-analysis to evaluate D.J. Predigers (1982) 3-factor (1 general factor and 2 bipolar factors of data-ideas and things-people) representation of J. L. Hollands (1985a) RIASEC circumplex (including six personality types: realistic], investigative [I], artistic [A], social [S], enterprising [E], and conventional [C]). Confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling were applied to 77 U.S. RIASEC correlation matrices published between 1965 and 1989. Predigers 3-factor model received support when predictions from his factor model conformed to the predictions from the circumplex

Cross-Cultural Structural Equivalence of RIASEC Models and Measures

A structural meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the fit of J. L. Hollands (1985a) circular order model, I. Gatis (1982) three-group partition, and an alternative three-class partition on vocational interest correlation matrices drawn from the cross-cultural literature. The randomization test of hypothesized order relations (L. Hubert & P. Arabie, 1987) was used to evaluate the model fit for 20 U.S. ethnic matrices, 76 international matrices (representing 18 countries), and a U.S. benchmark sample of 73 matrices. The cross-culture structural equivalence of Hollands circular order model was not supported. Both Gatis partition and the alternative partition fit the U.S. benchmark and international samples equally well. None of the 3 models were found to be an adequate representation of the structure of vocational interests for U.S. ethnic samples.

Noncognitive Variables in Predicting Academic Success by Race.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity of the Non-Cognitive Questionnaire for different racial groups. The questionnaire had adequate test-retest reliability, and evidence for its construct validity was provided. It significantly added to predicting grades for both White and Black subsamples and significantly predicted persistence for the Black subsamples.

RANDALL : A microsoft FORTRAN program for a randomization test of hypothesized order relations

In 1987, Hubert and Arabie proposed a randomization test of hypothesized order relations, and this has been operationalized in the Microsoft FORTRAN RANDALL program. This program enables the evaluation of the fit of any pattern model to a data matrix of similarities or dissimilarities. The exact probability of the model-data fit exceeding chance (as defined by a random relabeling of the rows and columns of the data matrix) is provided. This program is especially valuable in the evaluation of circumplex models of data as found in color perception, vocational interests, and interpersonal behavior.

Methods for evaluating vocational interest structural hypotheses

Abstract We critically review Hollands structural hypotheses to provide a framework for discussing the task of evaluating vocational interest models. Two forms of Hollands RIASEC model are proposed and the predictions from these models are specified. Hollands circular order model and circumplex structure are then evaluated to demonstrate Hubert and Arabies randomization test of hypothesized order relations and confirmatory factor analysis. These models and methods are illustrated with two RIASEC correlation matrices based on the Unisex edition of the ACT Interest Inventory. Finally, we briefly discuss issues of model comparison and methods to integrate the empirical literature on interest structure.

Development of interests and competency beliefs: A 1-year longitudinal study of fifth- to eighth-grade students using the ICA-R and structural equation modeling

The relative influence of interest and self-efficacy beliefs on each other over 1 year was examined in 2 longitudinal samples of students, I of elementary school students (Grade 5, N = 126) and 1 of middle school students (Grade 7, N = 221). Interest and competence ratings on the Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional scales (J. L. Holland, 1997) were assessed using the Inventory of Childrens Activities-Revised (T. J. G. Tracey & C. C. Ward, 1998). Responses were examined using structural equation modeling, and the results demonstrated that there were changes both in the structure and level of interest and competence ratings over time. The circumplex structure was found to become more prominent over time, especially by 8th grade, and overall mean levels of interest and competence ratings decreased over time. Interest and competence ratings were found to predict each other equally over time. Finally, there were significant grade, gender, time, Time × Grade, and Time × Gender effects on the scale score means. Results are discussed with respect to implications for interest development and assessment.

Prediction of College Graduation Using Noncognitive Variables by Race

The validity of the Noncognitive Questionnaire (NCQ) in predicting graduation after 5 and 6 years by race was assessed. The NCQ was found to be predictive of graduation for both Black and White stu...

The Structure of Children's Interests and Competence Perceptions.

Two studies were conducted with samples of elementary school, middle school, and college students, who were given the Inventory of Childrens Activities, which was designed to assess J. L. Hollands (1973, 1985a) RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) types on interests and competence perceptions. The structure was examined at the scale and item levels using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations and principal-components analysis. Results indicated that (a) there were few differences in structure between interests and competence perceptions, (b) the structure of interests and competence perceptions varied across age, (c) the fit of the circular model was positively related to age, (d) elementary and middle school students evaluated their interests and competencies using different dimensions than did college students, and (e) there were scale score mean differences across gender and age. The prevailing model used in most interest inventories is the one posited by John Holland (1973, 1985a) of six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional, hereafter referred to as RIASEC) arranged in a hexagon (or circle). In a meta-analytic examination of the RIASEC structure across 104 different samples, Tracey and Rounds (1993) found support for the circular structure of interests from the age of 14 through adulthood. Also, they found that the structure held equally across gender and the different instruments used. However, it is unknown if this circular structure of RIASEC interest types is valid for children, because age groups younger than 14 have not been examined. The primary purpose of this study was to ascertain the structure of interests in children. Can the interests of children be represented using the six RIASEC types? If so, does the circular arrangement of these types also accurately represent childrens data?