Tetsu Masuda

Precise P and S wave velocity structures in the Kitakami Massif, Northern Honshu, Japan, from a seismic refraction experiment

The Kitakami massif, which is located in the eastern part of Northern Honshu, Japan, is composed of two geological units. The northern Kitakami terrane is characterized as a Jurassic accretionary complex, while the southern Kitakami terrane consists of pre-Silurian basement and Silurian-lower Cretaceous marine sediments. The boundary region of these two units, called the Hayachine tectonic belt (HTB), is composed of mafic to ultramafic rocks. The Kitakami massif experienced intense granitic intrusions in the Cretaceous. We present a detailed crustal structure model for the eastern part of the massif derived from an extensive seismic refraction experiment conducted on a 194-km N-S line. The uppermost crust is covered with a very thin (0.5–1 km) surface layer with a velocity of 3.1–5.4 km/s. The velocity structure below this layer shows remarkable lateral variation. In the northern Kitakami terrane the P wave velocity and Vp/Vs at the top of the basement are 5.85–5.95 km/s and 1.68–1.70, respectively. The seismic attenuation in this region is high (Qp = 150–200 and Qs = 70–100). In contrast, the uppermost crust in the southern Kitakami terrane is characterized by a high P wave velocity (6.05–6.15 km/s) and Vp/Vs (1.74–1.77). The Qp and Qs also show high values of 300–400 and 150–200, respectively. Such a structural difference persists to 14-to 16-km depth, at which the P wave velocity increases to 6.45 km/s. The low velocity and high attenuation in the northern Kitakami terrane represent a highly deformed structure of the accretionary complex. The high P wave velocity and Vp/Vs in the southern Kitakami terrane indicate the relatively mafic crustal composition, which may result from the fragment of the oceanic crust incorporated by the accretion process or the uplifting in the latest Jurassic-early Cretaceous. A midcrustal interface determined from wide-angle reflections shows an abrupt southward depth decrease from 25 to 20 km under the HTB. The P wave velocity and Vp/Vs between 14- and 16-km depth and the midcrustal interface are 6.45–6.55 km/s and 1.74–1.78, respectively. The Moho depth under the northern Kitakami terrane decreases southward from 34 to 32 km. In the southern Kitakami terrane the Moho dips slightly southward. The P wave velocity and the Vp/Vs ratio in the lower crust are 6.9–7.0 km/s and 1.75–1.76, respectively. The P wave velocity in the uppermost mantle is not well resolved but is probably less than 7.7 km/s. The S wave velocity derived from relatively clear Sn is 4.35–4.40 km/s. Our results show that the HTB is a prominent structural boundary extending to the Moho. The crust of Kitakami massif was not homogenized by the Cretaceous granitic intrusions, and the original structural difference remains in the upper crust.

Objective estimation of source parameters and local Q values by simultaneous inversion method

Abstract Accurate estimation of the physical parameters of earthquake sources requires an objective basis for determining the spectral parameters SO, the low-frequency level, fc, the corner frequency, and γ, the high-frequency decay rate. Knowledge of the appropriate Q value is also necessary. In most cases, however, the estimation of these parameters is rather subjective, being accomplished usually by visual fitting of some schematic spectral shape to the observations, and the average of Q over possible regional variations is sometimes used without sufficient evidence as representative of the local value. An objective method of simultaneous inversion is presented in this study for the estimation of source parameters and local Q values. According to theoretical predictions as well as to many observational results, an observed spectrum may be reasonably regarded as a sample from an ensemble of the form O(f)=SO[(f/fc)a+1]−bexp(− πftQ−1), where a and b are positive constants and γ = ab. For earthquakes occurring in a confined region and observed at a nearby station, the constants a and b are common and a single value may be used as the local value of Q. The observed spectra of K earthquakes at L frequency points give K × L data, while the number of unknowns to be estimated is 2 K + 3, that is, the SO and c values for the K earthquakes, and the values of a, b, and Q. For K × L > 2K +3, least-squares estimators are obtained so as to minimise s2=ϵϵ[ln(Okl)−ln(Skl)+πfltkQ−1]2. A numerical test using an artificial data set indicates that a stable solution is obtained, and the errors in the parameters SO and fc are less than 20%, for a data standard deviation of 0.2. This method has been applied to actual data sets for small earthquakes occurring near Miyako on the Pacific coast of the Northeastern part of Japan which were observed at a nearby station. The solution converges sufficiently at the third or fourth iteration step, the data standard deviation being 0.2. The source parameters and the Q value thus estimated are in good accordance with those obtained by another, independent method. The present method gives reliable data for an accurate scaling model, because the source parameters are obtained by a standard technique for a variety of earthquake sizes.