Tetsuya Tabeya

Necessity of early intervention for IgG4-related disease—delayed treatment induces fibrosis progression

OBJECTIVE Despite ongoing research, the clinical and histopathological natural history of immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) remains unclear and the optimal time to initiate treatment is unknown. A focus on clinical symptoms rather than image finding is recommended for therapeutic initiation in autoimmune pancreatitis, but evidence for this approach is lacking. We aimed to retrospectively analyse disease duration, efficacy of treatment with glucocorticoids and results of histopathological examination of submandibular gland specimens to clarify the necessity for early intervention in IgG4-RD. METHODS Salivary secretions were assessed before and after treatment in 26 cases of IgG4-related Mikuliczs disease (IgG4-MD). Relationships between disease duration, amount of salivary secretion before treatment, improvement of salivary secretion and ratios of areas of residual acini, fibrosis and lymphoid follicles in the involved submandibular gland specimens were analysed. RESULTS Salivary secretions were significantly reduced in cases with illness of >2 years (P < 0.05). An inverse correlation was seen between improved amount of salivary secretion and amount of salivary secretion before treatment (r = -0.60). Improved amount of salivary secretion was also associated with each histological factor (acini, r = 0.29; fibrosis, r = -0.23; lymphoid follicles, r = -0.31), which showed interrelationships (acini and lymphoid follicles, r = -0.23; acini and fibrosis, r = 0.42; lymphoid follicles and fibrosis, r = 0.30). CONCLUSION Salivary secretion can be improved even in cases with lower levels of salivary secretion before treatment in IgG4-RD, but improvements in the amount of salivary secretion decrease with histological changes with delayed therapeutic intervention. These data suggest that early intervention is needed to improve outcomes in patients with IgG4-MD.

Everyday clinical practice in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and/or sialadenitis: Results from the SMART database

Abstract Objective. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a new disease entity that has only been identified this century. Clinical information is thus lacking. We established the Sapporo Medical University and Related Institutes Database for Investigation and Best Treatments of IgG4-related Disease (SMART) to clarify the clinical features of IgG4-RD and provide useful information for clinicians. Methods. Participants comprised 122 patients with IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and/or sialadenitis (IgG4-DS), representing lacrimal and/or salivary lesions of IgG4-RD, followed-up in December 2013. We analyzed the sex ratio, mean age at onset, organ dysfunction, history or complications of malignancy, treatments, rate of clinical remission, and relapse. Results. The sex ratio was roughly equal. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.0 years. Positron emission tomography revealed that the ratio of other organ involvements was 61.4%. Complications of malignancy were observed in 7.4% of cases. Glucocorticoid was used to treat 92.1% of cases, and the mean maintenance dose of prednisolone was 4.8 mg/day. Rituximab was added in three cases, and showed good steroid-sparing effect. The clinical remission rate was 73.8%, and the annual relapse rate was 11.5%. Half of the cases experienced relapses within 7 years of initial treatment. Conclusion. We analyzed the clinical features and treatments of IgG4-DS using SMART, providing useful information for everyday clinical practice.

The immunobiology and clinical characteristics of IgG4 related diseases.

Having the characteristic features of elevated serum IgG4 levels and prominent infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells with fibrosis in lesions, Mikuliczs disease (MD) has been recognized as an IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Although incidence of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), one of the organ characteristics of IgG4-RD, has been internationally reported, there are only a few such reports of IgG4-related MD. The limited number of reports might be attributable to the low recognition of IgG4-related MD as a clinical entity as well as its misdiagnosis as Sjögrens syndrome (SS). Thus, we compared several clinical features of MD with SS to improve proper clinical diagnosis of MD in the clinical setting. A total of 70 SS and 70 MD cases evaluated at Sapporo Medical University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. In SS patients, sicca symptoms were the most frequent (87%), followed by articular symptoms (23%), while lacrimal and salivary gland swelling were a rare (10%) and transient manifestation. In contrast, lacrimal or salivary gland swelling was observed in all patients with MD. Although nearly 60% of MD patients complained of sicca syndrome, skin rash and arthralgia were rare symptoms. Hypergammaglobulinemia was recognized in both SS and MD patients, but the occurrence of autoantibodies in patients with IgG4-related MD was low. Extraglandular organ involvement, often involving the retroperitoneum, pancreas, kidney and lung, was often discovered at the time of IgG4-related MD diagnosis. Although corticosteroid therapy tended to delay the hypofunction of salivary gland in SS patients, recovery of decreased function of salivary glands were observed in IgG4-related MD patients. These results suggest the beneficial effect of aggressive corticosteroid intervention in patients with IgG4-related MD. Although SS and MD are both chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, their clinical features and corticosteroid responsiveness are different. Thus, differential diagnosis of these conditions is warranted.

Relapse patterns in IgG4-related disease

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterised by elevated levels of serum IgG4 and swollen organs with fibrosis and infiltration by abundant IgG4-positive plasmacytes.1 ,2 Glucocorticoid treatment is effective for achieving clinical remission in the short term,3 but about 20%–30% of cases present with relapse after steroid doses are reduced.4 Serial changes of serum IgG4 levels are often considered to reflect the disease activity in routine clinical practice,5 but how disease relapse occurs is not well understood. We therefore analysed relapse patterns in IgG4-RD on the basis of data from the Sapporo Medical university And …

Identification of relapse predictors in IgG4-related disease using multivariate analysis of clinical data at the first visit and initial treatment

OBJECTIVES Inducting clinical remission by glucocorticoid treatment is relatively easy in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), but relapse also occurs easily with tapering of the steroid dose. The present study tried to analyse the cases to extract predictors of relapse present at the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. METHODS Subjects comprised 79 patients with IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, known as Mikuliczs disease, who were diagnosed between April 1997 and October 2013 and followed-up for >2 years from the initial induction treatment. They were applied to Cox proportional hazard modelling, based on the outcome of interval to relapse. We performed multivariate analysis for the clinical factors of these cases and identified predictors of relapse. RESULTS Identified factors were male sex and younger onset in cases without organ involvement at diagnosis and low levels of serum IgG4 in cases with organ dysfunction at diagnosis. Complication with autoimmune pancreatitis and low steroid dose at initial treatment also tended to be associated with recurrence. CONCLUSION Follow-up is important in cases with recognized risk factors for relapse, including male sex and younger onset in cases without organ damage.

Heat shock protein 90 associates with Toll-like receptors 7/9 and mediates self-nucleic acid recognition in SLE.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease, and disease activity is associated with serum IFN‐α level. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense microbial as well as self‐nucleic acids by TLRs 7 and 9 and produce a large amount of IFN‐α. Here, we show that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) associates with and delivers TLR7/9 from the ER to early endosomes for ligand recognition. Inhibition of Hsp90 by various approaches including the use of Hsp90 inhibitor, a geldanamycin derivative, suppressed the Hsp90 association with TLR7/9, which resulted in inhibition of IFN‐α production, leading to improvement of SLE symptoms in mice. Notably, we observed that serum Hsp90 is clearly increased in patients with active SLE compared with that in patients with inactive disease. Furthermore, we demonstrated that serum Hsp90 detected in SLE patients binds to self‐DNA and/or anti‐DNA Ab, thus leading to stimulation of pDCs to produce IFN‐α. Our data demonstrate that Hsp90 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SLE and that an Hsp90 inhibitor will therefore provide a new therapeutic approach to SLE and other nucleic acid‐related autoimmune diseases.

Evaluation and Clinical Validity of a New Questionnaire for Mikulicz's Disease

Objectives. The characteristic features of Mikuliczs disease (MD) are diffuse enlargement of the lacrimal and submandibular glands, elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G4, and abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes into both glands. No disease index is available to properly evaluate MD, so we developed a functional assessment of MD, the Mikuliczs disease activity questionnaire (MAQ), and evaluated its clinical efficacy. Methods. We selected 18 patients who were either being treated for MD or who had presented with recurrence. The patients completed a self-assessment and were scored according to the MAQ sheet during each visit between December 2009 and August 2011. Assessment items were in regard to increases or decreases in lacrimal and salivary gland enlargement and severity of sicca symptoms. Results. On the first visits, MAQ scores were high, but scores decreased rapidly as treatment progressed. When doses of glucocorticoid were reduced, some patients showed increased scores. Dry-symptom scores increased initially. MAQ scores for patients with recurrent MD gradually increased over several months before relapse. However, some patients displayed no elevation in MAQ scores due to relapses at other sites. Conclusion. MAQ score can be used to quantify flares and treatment response and is useful for functional assessment of MD.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα)+ M2 macrophages contribute to fibrosis in IgG4-related disease?

Abstract IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a new disease entity characterized by type 2 helper T (Th2)-dominant inflammation and progressive fibrosis. We found the infiltration of strange cell populations in the fibrotic lesions of submandibular gland specimens obtained from 15 patients with IgG4-RD. These cells expressed CCAAT/enhancer binding protein a (C/EBPα). Many of the cell populations were identified with M2 macrophages. The degrees of infiltration of C/EBPα+M2 macrophages and the ratio of fibrotic lesions in the specimens were correlated (r2 = 0.83, p < 0.01). We also analyzed the expression of C/EBPα in other chronic inflammatory disorders: synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), liver tissue in chronic viral hepatitis, and mucosa in ulcerative colitis. The specimens from RA and chronic viral hepatitis showed infiltration of C/EBPα+ cells, but there were few C/EBPα-positive cells in ulcerative colitis. Fibrosis is not a major issue in ulcerative colitis. In conclusion, we found the remarkable infiltration of C/EBPα+M2 macrophages in cases of chronic inflammation with fibrosis, including IgG4-RD. This primitive study also disclosed that most of C/EBPα+M2 macrophages localized in fibrotic lesions, and the degree of the infiltration and the ratio of fibrotic area were correlated.

A case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with high serum VEGF preceded by RS3PE syndrome

We report the case of a 76-year-old man diagnosed with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) with high serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preceded by Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome. He suffered respiratory discomfort caused by large amounts of pleural effusion. Interestingly, changes in serum VEGF measured over time were similar to changes in pleural effusion. Whether VEGF is related to the pathological condition of AITL is a very important question.

The role of cytotoxic T cells in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, the so-called Mikulicz's disease.

Abstract Objectives. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, the so-called Mikuliczs disease (MD), is a chronic inflammatory disease. However, little is known about its pathogenesis and pathological condition. In the present study, we used immunohistological techniques to compare the roles of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in MD and primary Sjogrens syndrome (SS). We examined the state of CTLs [cytotoxic granule-positive rate and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression rate] in the salivary glands. Methods. The study samples comprised 12 submaxillary glands from untreated MD patients and 12 labial glands from SS patients. We performed immunofluorescence and multicolor immunofluorescence to stain CD8, perforin (PRF), granzyme B (GZMB), and PD-1. We measured the total number of CTLs as well as the PRF+CTLs, GZMB+CTLs, and PD-1+CTLs. Results. We found that the degree of infiltration of CTLs was equal in MD and SS, but the rate of CTLs with cytotoxic granules, especially PRF, in MD was less than in SS. In addition, the frequency of PD-1+CTLs in MD was higher than that in SS. Conclusions. Cytotoxic granule-positive CTLs were in the minority in MD salivary glands, and this regulation might relate to PD-1 signals like the state of exhaustion and anergy.