Thadeu Gasparetto

Playoffs or Just League: A Debate in Brazilian Football

After several consecutive seasons in the league, the Campeonato Brasileiro may return to the playoffs format. The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and some Brazilian clubs commented that this format will provide higher competitive balance and increase the interest of Brazilian football fans. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the competitiveness and the interest of Brazilian fans in the last twenty-four seasons: Playoffs (1991-2002) and League (2003-2014). The competitiveness is evaluated by Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance and the interest measured by the average attendance to the stadiums. The results show that Brazilian League has become more balanced since 2003 season and football fans are more interested in the tournament with league format. The main conclusion is that the change to the playoffs would not improve the competitiveness and the interest of fans. Moreover some problems of the Brazilian football market are commented and some solutions proposed to improve it.

Fan preferences: one country, two markets and different behaviours

ABSTRACT Research question: Previous papers analysing broadcast demand for sports have provided general findings for the countries studied. However, each region in the same country could have different determinants. The present study aims to analyse the demand for broadcast football, emphasising the effect of the uncertainty of outcomes in Brazil’s two biggest markets: Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Research methods: The dataset comprises an unbalanced panel with club fixed effects, including all 228 broadcast matches from the Brazilian League across the seasons 2013 to 2015 – 115 from the state of Rio de Janeiro and 113 from the state of São Paulo. Three linear regressions are carried out in order to determine the importance of the uncertainty of outcome, as well as the existence of win preference or loss aversion behaviours. Results and findings: The results highlight similarities between the markets, such as higher audiences on weekdays and the strong importance of derby matches in attracting viewers. However, the findings reveal that Rio de Janeiro fans exhibit loss aversion and São Paulo supporters prefer more certain matches. Implications: Consumer preferences may differ across a country. Hence, by understanding the diversity in fan behaviour, TV channels might more effectively adjust the matches they broadcast, increasing fan interest in these games, as well as enhancing the channels’ and the clubs’ revenues.

REANALIZANDO LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL FÚTBOL: DIFERENCIA ACUMULADA DE PUNTOS

The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2006-2007 to 2013-2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.Spanish Abstract: En la presente investigacion se plantea un nuevo modelo de analisis del equilibrio en las ligas de futbol a traves del Accumulated Points Difference (APD). Se examinan ocho temporadas de nueve campeonatos entre 2006/2007 y 2013/2014: Bundesliga (Alemania), Campeonato Brasileiro (Brasil), Liga BBVA (Espana), Ligue 1 (Francia), Eredivise (Holanda), Premier League (Inglaterra), Serie A (Italia), Primeira Liga (Portugal) y Premier League (Rusia). Posteriormente, se comparan estadisticamente los torneos a traves de un analisis de varianza ANOVA one way con post hoc de Tukey. Se valida el metodo al confrontarlo con dos formulas tradicionales: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) y C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). Como resultados, se evidencia que el Campeonato Brasileiro es el torneo mas equilibrado y no se aprecian diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las ligas europeas.English Abstract: The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2003/2004 to 2013/2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.

Reanalyzing the competitiveness in football leagues: Accumulated points difference

The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2006-2007 to 2013-2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.Spanish Abstract: En la presente investigacion se plantea un nuevo modelo de analisis del equilibrio en las ligas de futbol a traves del Accumulated Points Difference (APD). Se examinan ocho temporadas de nueve campeonatos entre 2006/2007 y 2013/2014: Bundesliga (Alemania), Campeonato Brasileiro (Brasil), Liga BBVA (Espana), Ligue 1 (Francia), Eredivise (Holanda), Premier League (Inglaterra), Serie A (Italia), Primeira Liga (Portugal) y Premier League (Rusia). Posteriormente, se comparan estadisticamente los torneos a traves de un analisis de varianza ANOVA one way con post hoc de Tukey. Se valida el metodo al confrontarlo con dos formulas tradicionales: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) y C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). Como resultados, se evidencia que el Campeonato Brasileiro es el torneo mas equilibrado y no se aprecian diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las ligas europeas.English Abstract: The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2003/2004 to 2013/2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.

Reanalisando a competitividade na indústria do futebol: Diferença acumulada de pontos

The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2006-2007 to 2013-2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.Spanish Abstract: En la presente investigacion se plantea un nuevo modelo de analisis del equilibrio en las ligas de futbol a traves del Accumulated Points Difference (APD). Se examinan ocho temporadas de nueve campeonatos entre 2006/2007 y 2013/2014: Bundesliga (Alemania), Campeonato Brasileiro (Brasil), Liga BBVA (Espana), Ligue 1 (Francia), Eredivise (Holanda), Premier League (Inglaterra), Serie A (Italia), Primeira Liga (Portugal) y Premier League (Rusia). Posteriormente, se comparan estadisticamente los torneos a traves de un analisis de varianza ANOVA one way con post hoc de Tukey. Se valida el metodo al confrontarlo con dos formulas tradicionales: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) y C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). Como resultados, se evidencia que el Campeonato Brasileiro es el torneo mas equilibrado y no se aprecian diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las ligas europeas.English Abstract: The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2003/2004 to 2013/2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.

Football as a business: one financial comparison with other segments.

O futebol e considerado um grande negocio desde o inicio do seculo passado. Apesar de diversos autores tentarem definir esta afirmacao, o presente estudo demonstrou interesse em investiga-la atraves de outra perspectiva, objetivando comparar os grandes clubes esportivos com as principais empresas dos demais ramos empresariais, utilizando dados financeiros. Inicialmente, adotou-se como metodo a revisao bibliografica em fontes secundarias, apresentando, posteriormente, etapas empirico-analiticas, ao realizar tecnicas de coleta, tratamento e analise dos dados, com comparacoes entre os valores encontrados. Apesar deste esporte apresentar-se como um grande negocio devido aos valores de faturamento anual, ao utilizar como referencia Brand Value (valor de marca), market Value (valor de mercado) e receitas operacionais, essa investigacao exibe como resultado a grande diferenca economica entre os clubes de futebol e as maiores empresas do Brasil e do mundo expondo, desta forma, a pequena parcela economica que este esporte representa em relacao as principais organizacoes mundiais.

O futebol como negócio: uma comparação financeira com outros segmentos

O futebol e considerado um grande negocio desde o inicio do seculo passado. Apesar de diversos autores tentarem definir esta afirmacao, o presente estudo demonstrou interesse em investiga-la atraves de outra perspectiva, objetivando comparar os grandes clubes esportivos com as principais empresas dos demais ramos empresariais, utilizando dados financeiros. Inicialmente, adotou-se como metodo a revisao bibliografica em fontes secundarias, apresentando, posteriormente, etapas empirico-analiticas, ao realizar tecnicas de coleta, tratamento e analise dos dados, com comparacoes entre os valores encontrados. Apesar deste esporte apresentar-se como um grande negocio devido aos valores de faturamento anual, ao utilizar como referencia Brand Value (valor de marca), market Value (valor de mercado) e receitas operacionais, essa investigacao exibe como resultado a grande diferenca economica entre os clubes de futebol e as maiores empresas do Brasil e do mundo expondo, desta forma, a pequena parcela economica que este esporte representa em relacao as principais organizacoes mundiais.

Fútbol como negocio: una comparación financiera con otros segmentos

O futebol e considerado um grande negocio desde o inicio do seculo passado. Apesar de diversos autores tentarem definir esta afirmacao, o presente estudo demonstrou interesse em investiga-la atraves de outra perspectiva, objetivando comparar os grandes clubes esportivos com as principais empresas dos demais ramos empresariais, utilizando dados financeiros. Inicialmente, adotou-se como metodo a revisao bibliografica em fontes secundarias, apresentando, posteriormente, etapas empirico-analiticas, ao realizar tecnicas de coleta, tratamento e analise dos dados, com comparacoes entre os valores encontrados. Apesar deste esporte apresentar-se como um grande negocio devido aos valores de faturamento anual, ao utilizar como referencia Brand Value (valor de marca), market Value (valor de mercado) e receitas operacionais, essa investigacao exibe como resultado a grande diferenca economica entre os clubes de futebol e as maiores empresas do Brasil e do mundo expondo, desta forma, a pequena parcela economica que este esporte representa em relacao as principais organizacoes mundiais.