Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias

Usos de invertebrados na medicina popular no Brasil e suas implicações para conservação

Animais medicinais constituem uma parte integral da Medicina Popular Brasileira tanto em áreas urbanas quanto rurais. Não obstante, embora o uso de animais medicinais represente um importante componente da medicina tradicional tem sido pouco estudado quando comparado às plantas medicinais. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão sobre os invertebrados medicinais. Os resultados revelam que pelo menos 81 espécies de invertebrados de cinco grupos taxonômicos diferentes são usados para tratamento de diferentes doenças no Brasil. Os grupos com maior número de espécies foram insetos (n=41 espécies), moluscos (n=17) e crustáceos (n=16). Esses resultados evidenciam a importância dos invertebrados medicinais como alternativa terapěutica. Alguns dos animais medicinais comercializados constam em listas de espécies ameaçadas, evidenciando a necessidade premente de se considerar a zooterapia dentro do contexto da conservação da biodiversidade no Brasil. Ações conservacionistas, não devem ser direcionadas apenas às espécies ameaçadas, mas também a espécies cujo uso seja amplamente disseminado no país. Além dos aspectos biológicos, os fatores econômicos e socioculturais influenciam a relação das pessoas e a utilização de recursos zooterápicos. A necessidade de novos estudos, sobre a fauna medicinal do Brasil é evidente, visando a busca de uma melhor compreensão desta forma de terapia, levando em consideração não só os seus aspectos ecológicos, mas também cultural e farmacológicos.

Molluscs in the marine curio and souvenir trade in NE Brazil: species composition and implications for their conservation and management

Marine molluscs are sold all over the world as curios and souvenirs. This market encompasses about 5,000 species of molluscs (bivalves and gastropods) worldwide, but the mollusc species involved in this trade are undocumented in all but a very small number of countries. The present study provides a baseline assessment of the mollusc species used in the manufacture of crafts, marine curiosities and souvenirs in northeastern Brazil. A total of 126 species (41 bivalves and 85 gastropods) were found to be sold individually as decorative pieces or incorporated into utilitarian objects. Overall, the families most represented were Veneridae bivalves (9 species) and the gastropods Conidae and Strombidae (8 species each). Large gastropod shells were observed in all of the localities surveyed (mainly as part of table lamps). The main species used were the King helmet Cassis tuberosa, the Hebrew volute Voluta ebraea, and the Goliath conch Eustrombus goliath. The majority of the species involved are harvested from the Atlantic Ocean (68%), but many are imported from Indo-Pacific countries, such as cowries Monetaria moneta. Among the species harvested in the Atlantic Ocean, 11.2% are endemic to Brazil as, for example, the Brazilian chank (Turbinella laevigata). The majority of the species sold in northeastern Brazil tend to inhabit shallow habitats, which facilitates their capture. As there are no official statistics available concerning the marine curio and souvenir trade in Brazil, some species may be endangered. Harvesting regulations should include minimum capture sizes, capture quotas, specific periods for harvesting, and the use of non-destructive techniques.

Traditional uses of medicinal animals in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil

The present work presents an inventory of the traditional medicinal uses of animals in the municipality of Bom Sucesso in Paraíba State (PB) in the semiarid northeastern region of Brazil. Information was obtained through the use of semi-structured interviews with 50 people who use zootherapeutic products. A total of 25 animal species used for medicinal purposes were identified (18 vertebrates and seven invertebrates) distributed among five taxonomic categories; the groups with the largest numbers of citations were: mammals (8 citations), insects (7), and reptiles (5). The most cited animal species were: Tubinambis merianae “teju” lizards (44 citations); Apis mellifera Italian honeybees (318 citations); Gallus gallus chickens (31 citations); Ovis aries sheep (31 citations); Crotalus durissus rattlesnakes (14 citations); Boa constrictor (12 citations); and Bos taurus cattle (12 citations). A significant number of illnesses and conditions treated with animal-based medicines were cited, and the category with the greatest number of citations was “problems affecting the respiratory system”. Our results suggest that the use of zootherapeutics in the region is persistent, and that knowledge about these curative practices is an integral part of the regional culture. As such, studies concerning the uses of zootherapeutics are important windows to understanding human/environmental/cultural interactions and a pathway to conciliating regional cultures with efforts to conserve the native fauna.

Bleaching in scleractinians, hydrocorals, and octocorals during thermal stress in a northeastern Brazilian reef

Occurrence of bleaching in scleractinian corals, a hydrocoral, and an octocoral species was observed in a reef community of Paraíba coast, northeastern Brazil, during an unusual thermal stress that occurred in March 2010. Four scleractinian species (Siderastrea stellata, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites, and Mussismilia harttii) and one hydrocoral (Millepora alcicornis) were affected. Some bleached colonies of the gorgonian Plexaurella grandiflora were clearly dead. Other scleractinian and octocoral species in the area did not bleach, suggesting that susceptibility to bleaching differs among species. Four years after the bleaching event, most of the affected colonies had survived, while many diseased ones showed macroalgal overgrowth. A monitoring programme is needed to document and understand the short- and long-term effects of future bleaching on the endemic Brazilian coral fauna.

Hypersaline mangroves harbor a high density of Brazilian endangered sea stars (Echinaster spp.)

SeastarsofthegenusEchinaster arecommoninreefhabitats along the whole Brazilian coastline, being alsorarely found in estuarine environments. Because of theirintensive exploitation for ornamental purposes, magical-religious rituals, and medical applications (Alves andDias 2010), they are threatened in Brazil (CategoryVulnerable). During an ongoing study in the hypersalineCasqueira River Estuary (State of Rio Grande do Norte,NE Brazil: 5°06′20″S, 36°32′01″W; salinity range: 38 to50), a high density of Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensisand E. (O.) echinophorus (Fig. 1a) was observed. With-in an area of 480 m

Filling a Knowledge Gap on the Biodiversity of Rhodolith-Associated Echinodermata from Northeastern Brazil

Rhodolith beds formed by non-articulated calcareous algae have been recognized as important habitats for a range of organisms. The Brazilian coast is home to one of the largest beds of the Southwestern Atlantic, but the lack of faunal studies in these habitats represents one of our major gaps in the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity. This study compares the composition, abundance and diversity of echinoderm species associated with rhodoliths in three different isobaths (10, 15 and 20 m) along the coast of the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. These rhodolith beds provided 2,855 specimens, representing 32 species from four Classes, of which Ophiuroidea was the most numerous. The echinoderm community was significantly different considering the abundance of individuals (F=452.86, p=0.001) and the number of species (F=45.14, p=0.006) among the three depths analyzed. Abundance and species numbers decrease with increasing depth. Rhodolith beds in the State of Paraíba are an important habitat for echinoderms, harboring a high diversity and abundance of associated species. Richness and diversity records exceed those found in other coastal areas around the world, indicating that these banks are of special relevance for the conservation of echinoderms in Brazil.

Environmental drivers of the benthic macroinvertebrates community in a hypersaline estuary (Northeastern Brazil)

Introduction The estuarine community of benthic macroinvertebrates spatially varies in response to changes in environmental variables in these ecosystems. Understanding this variability helps our understanding the mechanisms structuring these communities. Aim Assess the structural aspects of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in a hypersaline estuary, and to relate to environmental variables that influence the community structure along the estuary. Methods The study was conducted at Tubarao river estuary in May 2015. We sampled two estuarine areas (upper and lower), and in each zone were sampled six points composed of two replicas, one sampled in sandy bottom and the other in muddy bottom. Samples of benthic macroinvertebrates and estuarine environmental variables were collected. Environmental drivers of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were determined by Distance-based Linear Models analysis. The contribution of individual species to the dissimilarity between the areas and substrate types were determined by analysis of the percentage of similarity. Results The composition of benthic macroinvertebrate community differed between the upper and lower areas, although it was similar between the muddy and sandy bottoms. The variation in the benthic community between areas was mainly related to the influence of salinity in the upper area. In the lower area, the variation of the macroinvertebrates was related to salinity, associated with other variables in the sandy (temperature, turbidity and dissolved oxygen) and muddy (temperature, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen) substrates. Taxa which contributed most to the dissimilarity between the upper and lower areas were Nereididae (17.89%), Anomalocardia brasiliana (15%) and Cirratulidae (10.43%). Conclusions Salinity was the main driver of the structural aspects of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in the upper area of the estuary, although in the lower area a set of variables have structured benthic macroinvertebrates in the hypersaline estuary studied. In addition, the largest mangrove cover and less influence of the tide, may have favored the greater abundance of macroinvertebrates in the upper area.

Rediscovery of the poorly known sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus rubicingulus (H.L. Clark, 1921) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea, Diadematidae) on the continental shelf of Brazil, with notes on its morphology and synonymy

ABSTRACT The sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus rubicingulus was rediscovered on the continental shelf of Brazil. The subspecies was merely recorded in 1955, when Bernasconi described Centrostephanus besnardi (a synonym of C. longispinus rubicingulus), on the basis of two specimens collected at Trindade Island (State of Espírito Santo). This is the first record of this subspecies for northeastern Brazil (State of Rio Grande do Norte). A description is provided, along with comments on morphology and synonymy, illustrations of diagnostic characters and, for the first time, SEM figures of the pedicellariae of C. longispinus rubicingulus. An extended list of synonyms for the genus and species is included. This record raises the number of echinoids known from Northeastern Brazil to 32 species.

Chapter 14 – Use and Commercialization of Animals as Decoration∗

Abstract This chapter provides a review of published scientific literature on the use and commercialization of animals for decorative purposes. The use of animals by humans to create items such as decorative pieces, jewelry, and objects of contemplation and adornment has involved hundreds of both vertebrate and nonvertebrate species. Whole animals, or their parts, such as bird feathers, shark teeth, mollusk shells, and bottled lobsters, have a long history of being used in decorative pieces. In some countries, endangered and legally protected species continue to be exploited for such purposes. Trade in such items crosses international borders, from small beach shops to worldwide. The impacts of this exploitation of wild populations largely remain unknown, although the conservation status of some populations of larger animals with low fecundity, such as turtles and marine mammals, is alarming. Conservation efforts need to prioritize the enforcement of existing laws and raise awareness among people who buy these products and thus stimulate trade.

How do people gain access to water resources in the Brazilian semiarid (Caatinga) in times of climate change

Climate change is becoming an imminent reality, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, it is essential to understand the relationships between humans and aquatic ecosystems in order to devise efficient management and conservation strategies. We conducted 126 interviews using a semi-structured form to record water sources, transport strategies, and the use and treatment of water by communities surrounding four reservoirs within two drainage basins in the semiarid region of Brazil. These factors were then compared to the mean water volumes of the respective reservoirs from 2013 to 2015, a period of severe drought in that area. Seven types of water sources were considered, according to the perspectives of the interviewees: large reservoirs (dams) (43% of the citations), other smaller reservoirs (25%), rainwater (17.5%), wells (7%), waterholes (3%), bottled water (4%), and water tanks (0.5%). The water resources obtained are transported to human residences in seven different manners: actively pumped (34% of the citations), by water tanker truck (33%), distributed in pipes by local resident associations (11%), transport by animal (14%), human transport (4%), by car (2%), and by motorcycle (2%). The water is then used for domestic purposes (21%), for personal hygiene (20%), by animals (19%), in agriculture (18%), for cooking (10%), for fishing (7%), and for drinking (6%). A worrisome trend was that many local residents did not treat the water they were consuming. Climate change affects seasonal patterns of rainfall that will, in turn, determine the availability and quantities of water resources, provoking changes in the sources of water used by human populations, their strategies of access to that resource, and water-use patterns. It is necessary sustainable use of water resources based on the realities of local populations.