Theodora Lam

Sustaining Families Transnationally: Chinese-Malaysians in Singapore

In contrast to existing literature on transnational elites which has stereotypically identified the migrant as an individual careerist, usually white, middle-aged and male, this paper gives attention to aspects of skilled transmigration beyond the productive sphere by bringing into play questions concerning the “family” and “family relations.” We suggest that even in situations where different family members do not move as a unit, the “family” and “family relations” continue to be constructed, sustained and reshaped in grounded ways, as signalled by new family forms such as “astronaut husbands” and “parachute kids.” Indeed, hyper-mobilities among global elites often lead to families being “lived” and “sustained” transnationally. Using a two-pronged approach that combines a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, the paper is based on a study of Chinese-Malaysian professionals who have been accorded expatriate or permanent resident status in Singapore. The study focused on their transmigratory experience and how they negotiate crucial issues relating to the “family.” Chinese-Malaysian transmigrants maintain very strong social networks linking them to their dispersed family members, creating new geographies of households. New household strategies and social practices such as transnational marriage, parenting and caring for elderly parents have since evolved to cope with the dispersion of family members across borders.

Transnational migration, changing care arrangements and left-behind children's responses in South-east Asia

Recent increases in the volume of labour migration from South-east Asia – and in particular the feminisation of these movements – suggest that millions of children are growing up in transnational families, separated from their migrant parents. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data collected in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, the study seeks to elucidate care arrangements for left-behind children and to understand the ways in which children respond to shifts in intimate family relations brought about by (re)configurations of their care. Our findings emphasise that children, through strategies of resistance, resilience and reworking, are conscious social actors and agents of their own development, albeit within constrained situations resulting from their parents’ migration.

Immigration and its (Dis)Contents: The challenges of highly skilled migration in globalizing Singapore

In the past three decades, the bid to develop Singapore into a global hub for high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries has underpinned Singapore’s push to augment its local talent pool by attracting highly skilled transnational migrants. The ensuing influx of “foreign talent” into the “nation-city-state” has triggered major questions relating to social integration and cohesion, and raised implications for Singapore’s demographic future and its “multiracial” identity. The article seeks to understand the politics of identity stemming from the increased presence of highly skilled migrants. After reviewing conceptualizations of the globally mobile “international talent” and tracing the key changes in Singapore’s immigration-cum-labor policies (particularly those relating to highly skilled migrants), the article examines the fraught terrain on which the “integration” of highly skilled immigrants is staged, giving attention to the social dynamics of interaction between “foreign talent” and the “Singapore core” (popular terms often used in the media), the ensuing identity politics of inclusion and exclusion, and the slippages between the closure associated with building a “nation-state” and the openness critical to “global city” ambitions.

Debt, precarity and gender: male and female temporary labour migrants in Singapore

ABSTRACT As one of Asia’s key hubs for transient workers, Singapore’s migration regime creates particularly gendered streams of labour, especially among lower skilled occupations, as is apparent in two key sectors – domestic work and construction work. Drawing on surveys with Bangladeshi construction workers and Indonesian domestic workers based in Singapore, as well as in-depth interviews with each group, this paper examines gendered issues of temporary labour migration, precarity and risk, as they occur against a backdrop of migrant indebtedness. In this paper, we argue that migrant indebtedness occurs along a spectrum that ranges from less visible, or what we call ‘silently’ incurred forms of debt, through to more ‘resonant’ types of debt that are acquired upfront and thus more readily quantifiable. Using this spectrum of migrant indebtedness, we aim to complicate debates about debt-financed migration by underscoring the ways in which notions of debt and unfreedom can be imbricated with both constraints and opportunities for migrants’ agency.

Indonesian domestic workers and the (un)making of transnational livelihoods and provisional futures

Abstract Doreen Massey (2005. For Space. London: Sage.) argued that space and time should not be reduced to a bounded locality of the ‘here and now’ and instead proposed re-imagining ‘space as simultaneity of stories-so-far’. We build on her argument to suggest that an appreciation of migrant aspirations and future trajectories require us to go beyond simultaneous ‘stories-so-far’ but also consider ‘stories-to-come’ which may build upon, divert from, or even unmake the ‘stories-so-far’. We apply these ideas to our study (based on a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews) of the transnational journeys traced by Indonesian domestic workers employed in Singaporean middle-class homes. We argue that socially and culturally specific notions of risk can work to propel and sustain migration into retrogressive occupations like domestic work, as well as disrupt dominant narratives around migrants as strategic actors, necessarily in control of their trajectories and driven by their migration plans. The calculus of risk-taking and aspiration on which transnational livelihoods are predicated is one that takes into account both situatedness in and connectedness across different places (in short simultaneous ‘stories-so-far’). At the same time, future ‘stories-to-come’ may entail both subtle shifts and constant (re)negotiations that propel individual life stories unto different pathways.

Report for Children's Geographies: Inter-Asia roundtable on transnational migration and children in Asian contexts

Brenda S.A. Yeoh∗, Ah Eng Lai, Cheryll Alipio, Lan Anh Hoang, Theodora Lam and Melody C.W. Lu Department of Geography and Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, AS2, #03-01, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117570, Singapore; Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 469A Tower Block, #10-01, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259770, Singapore, School of Social and Political Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia

Renegotiating migration experiences: Indonesian domestic workers in Singapore and use of information communication technologies:

This article considers the ways in which information communication technologies (ICTs) are embedded in foreign domestic workers’ migration experiences in Singapore. Due to Singapore’s stringent migration regime, whereby foreign domestic workers are required to live-in with their employers, domestic workers often find their access and use of ICTs subject to a high degree of surveillance and regulation by their employers. Using Massey’s notion of power geometry, we consider how increasing reliance upon communications technology by both domestic workers and their employers necessitates a renegotiation of social relations in the household. In doing so, this article demonstrates that foreign domestic workers’ negotiations of ICTs are ‘always ongoing’, creating fluid possibilities for these women to exercise a greater sense of agency within the realm of their daily lives. Yet, we highlight that gaining access to ICTs also requires women to negotiate the inequalities inscribed upon their position as a foreign domestic worker.

Migrant mothers, left-behind fathers: the negotiation of gender subjectivities in Indonesia and the Philippines

Abstract The distinct feminization of labour migration in Southeast Asia – particularly in the migration of breadwinning mothers as domestic and care workers in gender-segmented global labour markets – has altered care arrangements, gender roles and practices, as well as family relationships within the household significantly. Such changes were experienced by both the migrating women and other left-behind members of the family, particularly ‘substitute’ carers such as left-behind husbands. During the women’s absence from the home, householding strategies have to be reformulated when migrant women-as-mothers rewrite their roles (but often not their identities) through labour migration as productive workers who contribute to the well-being of their children via financial remittances and ‘long-distance mothering’, while left-behind fathers and/or other family members step up to assume some of the tasks vacated by the mother. Using both quantitative and qualitative interview material with returned migrants and left-behind household members in source communities in Indonesia and the Philippines experiencing considerable pressures from labour migration, this article explores how carework is redistributed in the migrant mother’s absence, and the ensuing implications on the gender roles of remaining family members, specifically left-behind fathers. It further examines how affected members of the household negotiate and respond to any changing gender ideologies brought about by the mother’s migration over time.