Theodoros Kapos

A detailed observation of variations of the facial artery, with emphasis on the superior labial artery

The reconstruction of lip defects through the use of the Abbė flap and other lip flap procedures involves surgical manipulation of one of the major branches of the facial artery, specifically the superior labial artery (SLA). We examined 284 hemifaces derived from 142 formalin fixed cadavers. Observations regarding the distribution patterns of the facial artery were recognized and categorized into five Types, labeled “A” through “E”.Type A (135, 47.5%): facial artery bifurcates into SLA and lateral nasal (the latter gives off inferior and superior alar and ends as angular); Type B (110, 38.7%): similar to Type A, except lateral nasal terminates as superior alar (angular artery is absent); Type C (24, 8.4%): facial artery terminates as SLA; Type D (11, 3.8%): angular artery arises directly from facial arterial trunk rather than as the termination of lateral nasal, with the facial artery ending as superior alar; Type E (4, 1.4%): facial artery terminates as a rudimentary twig without providing any significant branches. Furthermore, we were able to categorize variations within each Type. Sub-Type variations were examined in Types A through C (A: 1–7; B: 1–4; C: 1–3). Our aim was to equip both the anatomist and surgeon with a more thorough understanding of the vasculature of the face, as well as to enable plastic surgeons to have a more confident approach to reconstructive procedures in this region.

A review of the gross anatomy, functions, pathology, and clinical uses of the buccal fat pad

The buccal fat pad is a trigone-shaped adipose tissue located in the cheek that assumes numerous functional and aesthetic clinical uses. It has been studied extensively within the past four decades, and its use in repairing common and debilitating oral defects is the motive for continued research on this topic. It is vital to understand the etiology of any oral defect or of a lesion of the buccal fat pad, for a misdiagnosis can prevent effective treatment of the underlying problem. In this review, we describe the embryology and anatomy of the buccal fat and its association with clinical condition and clinical procedures.

Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding restorative materials and techniques for implant dentistry.

No abstract available.1 Professor, Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2 Professor, Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 3 Private practice, St Brighton, Australia. 4 Lecturer, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Private practice, London, United Kingdom. 5 Professor, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. 6 ITI Scholar, Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Clinical Lecturer, Honorary Specialist Registrar in Restorative Dentistry, Edinburgh Dental Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 7 Assistant Professor, Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 8 Asssistant Professor, Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; PhD Student, Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 9 Professor and Head, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.

Digital technologies to support planning, treatment, and fabrication processes and outcome assessments in implant dentistry: summary and consensus statements: the 4th EAO consensus conference 2015

OBJECTIVE The task of this working group was to assess the existing knowledge in computer-assisted implant planning and placement, fabrication of reconstructions applying computers compared to traditional fabrication, and assessments of treatment outcomes using novel imaging techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three reviews were available for assessing the current literature and provided the basis for the discussions and the consensus report. One review dealt with the use of computers to plan implant therapy and to place implants in partially and fully edentulous patients. A second one focused on novel techniques and methods to assess treatment outcomes and the third compared CAD/CAM-fabricated reconstructions to conventionally fabricated ones. RESULTS The consensus statements, the clinical recommendations, and the implications for research, all of them after approval by the plenum of the consensus conference, are described in this article. The three articles by Vercruyssen et al., Patzelt & Kohal, and Benic et al. are presented separately as part of the supplement of this consensus conference.

The tori of the mouth and ear: A review

There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013.

Ruggero Ferdinando Antonio Guiseppe Vincenzo Oddi.

Long forgotten in his motherland but for a single discovery—a small circular tissue whose workings are as mysterious as its discoverer—a brilliant anatomist and physiologist, Oddi, gained his fame at the age of 23 years with his identification of the sphincter that would later be named in his honor. In 1984 Ruggero Oddi, was celebrated and revered in his native town of Perugia with a monument. Ruggero Oddi lived a tumultuous life, full of grief and tragedy, only to culminate in a lonely death while exiled in a foreign land. We now review the life of this contributor to modern anatomy.