Theresa W. Gyorkos

A double‐blind randomized controlled trial of antenatal mebendazole to reduce low birthweight in a hookworm‐endemic area of Peru

Objective  To assess the effect on birthweight of antenatal mebendazole plus iron vs. placebo plus iron in a highly hookworm‐endemic area.

The role of NGOs in global health research for development

BackgroundGlobal health research is essential for development. A major issue is the inequitable distribution of research efforts and funds directed towards populations suffering the worlds greatest health problems. This imbalance is fostering major attempts at redirecting research to the health problems of low and middle income countries. Following the creation of the Coalition for Global Health Research – Canada (CGHRC) in 2001, the Canadian Society for International Health (CSIH) decided to review the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in global health research. This paper highlights some of the prevalent thinking and is intended to encourage new thinking on how NGOs can further this role.ApproachThis paper was prepared by members of the Research Committee of the CSIH, with input from other members of the Society. Persons working in various international NGOs participated in individual interviews or group discussions on their involvement in different types of research activities. Case studies illustrate the roles of NGOs in global health research, their perceived strengths and weaknesses, and the constraints and opportunities to build capacity and develop partnerships for research.HighlightsNGOs are contributing at all stages of the research cycle, fostering the relevance and effectiveness of the research, priority setting, and knowledge translation to action. They have a key role in stewardship (promoting and advocating for relevant global health research), resource mobilization for research, the generation, utilization and management of knowledge, and capacity development. Yet, typically, the involvement of NGOs in research is downstream from knowledge production and it usually takes the form of a partnership with universities or dedicated research agencies.ConclusionThere is a need to more effectively include NGOs in all aspects of health research in order to maximize the potential benefits of research. NGOs, moreover, can and should play an instrumental role in coalitions for global health research, such as the CGHRC. With a renewed sense of purpose and a common goal, NGOs and their partners intend to make strong and lasting inroads into reducing the disease burden of the worlds most affected populations through effective research action.

Outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans in a group of travellers.

Summary introduction  We describe an outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) in a group of 140 holidaymakers to a resort in Barbados and the index case.

Tattoos and transfusion-transmitted disease risk: implications for the screening of blood donors in Brazil

Having a tattoo has been associated with serological evidence of hepatitis B and C viruses, as well as human immunodeficiency virus infections and syphilis; all of these are known to be transmissible by blood transfusion. These associations are of higher magnitude for individuals with nonprofessionally-applied tattoos and with two or more tattoos. Tattoos are common among drug addicts and prisoners, conditions that are also associated with transfusion-transmitted diseases. We examined the implications of these associations for the screening of blood donors in Brazil. Numbers of individuals who would be correctly or unnecessarily deferred from blood donation on the basis of the presence of tattoos, and on their number and type, were calculated for different prevalence situations based on published odds ratios. If having a tattoo was made a deferral criterion, cost savings (due to a reduced need for laboratory testing and subsequent follow-up) would accrue at the expense of the deferral of appropriate donors. Restricting deferral to more at-risk sub-groups of tattooed individuals would correctly defer less individuals and would also reduce the numbers of potential donors unnecessarily deferred. Key factors in balancing cost savings and unnecessary deferrals include the magnitude of the pool of blood donors in the population, the prevalence of individuals with tattoos and the culture of tattoos in the population. Tattoos can therefore be an efficient criterion for the screening of blood donors in certain settings, a finding that requires corroboration from larger population-based studies.

Cluster randomization trials in tropical medicine: a case study

Field trials in tropical medicine are often designed so that intact social units (e.g., families, schools, communities) rather than independent individuals are randomized to an intervention group. Reasons are diverse, but include administrative convenience, a desire to reduce the effect of treatment contamination, and the need to avoid ethical issues that might otherwise arise. Dependencies among cluster members typical of such designs must be considered when determining sample size and analysing the resulting data. Failure to do so can result in false conclusions that the treatment is effective. The purpose of this paper is to compare different methods which can be used to construct tests of the effect of treatment when outcomes are binary (e.g., infected/uninfected). The discussion will be illustrated using data from a trial which randomly assigned families to either a control group or a screening and treatment programme for imported intestinal parasites.

Increasing Referral of At‐Risk Travelers to Travel Health Clinics: Evaluation of a Health Promotion Intervention Targeted to Travel Agents

BACKGROUND Increases in travel-related illness require new partnerships to ensure travelers are prepared for health risks abroad. The travel agent is one such partner and efforts to encourage travel agents to refer at-risk travelers to travel health clinics may help in reducing travel-attributable morbidity. METHODS A health promotion intervention encouraging travel agents to refer at-risk travelers to travel health clinics was evaluated. Information on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of travel agents before and after the intervention was compared using two self-administered questionnaires. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the mean difference in overall scores to evaluate the overall impact of the intervention and also subscores for each of the behavioral construct groupings (attitudes, barriers, intent, and subjective norms). Multiple regression techniques were used to evaluate which travel agent characteristics were independently associated with a stronger effect of the intervention. RESULTS A small improvement in travel agents overall attitudes and beliefs (p =.03) was found, in particular their intention to refer (p =.01). Sixty-five percent of travel agents self-reported an increase in referral behavior; owners or managers of the agency were significantly more likely to do so than other travel agents (OR = 7.25; 95% CI: 1.64 32.06). Older travel agents, those that worked longer hours and those with some past referral experience, had significantly higher post-intervention scores. CONCLUSIONS Travel agents can be willing partners in referral, and agencies should be encouraged to develop specific referral policies. Future research may be directed toward investigating the role of health education in certification curricula, the effectiveness of different types of health promotion interventions, including Internet-facilitated interventions, and the direct impact that such interventions would have on travelers attending travel health clinics.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND DIETARY CORRELATES OF ANEMIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN PERU

The objective of this article is to identify sociodemographic and dietary correlates of iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Chanchamayo, Peru. A dietary and socio-demographic survey was conducted among 206 pregnant women in July 2002. Blood analyses were performed to determine the presence of anemia (Hb < 110 g/L) among study participants. A higher prevalence of anemia was found in women from rural (51.2%), compared to semi-urban (32.8%), and urban (31.6%) areas. No significant difference in the prevalence of anemia was found between women with different intakes of various nutrients including total iron and heme iron. However, environmental risk factors were found to be statistically associated with anemia (OR = 2.21; 95%CI: 1.07, 4.53). Factors other than total caloric intake and daily iron intake must be further investigated to explain the significantly higher proportion of anemia in pregnant women living in rural areas. Our evidence suggests that environmental factors including parasitic infection could play an important etiological role.

Inter-test reliability of the anti-RESA indices based on ELISA tests using eluates from whole blood spots dried on filter paper

The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA), is one of the falciparum malaria vaccine candidates rarely studied in Brazil. Fieldwork logistics to conduct serology studies is simplified when eluates from whole blood dried on filter paper can be used. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the inter-test reliability for the anti-RESA ELISA-based indices using eluates from filter paper and from serum samples. The study population consisted of 210 individuals (Brazil) from whom matched samples were collected. Anti-RESA ELISA-based index means (+/- S.D.) were 15.29% (+/-28.13%) for filter paper and 11.79% (+/-23.67%) for serum samples. The intra-class correlation coefficient was estimated to be 82.38%, indicating high test reliability. However, there was a significant tendency for filter paper test results to have higher values than serum sample test results (P < 0.001). Explanations for this finding may be the presence of haemoglobin in the eluates from filter paper, which may interfere with ELISA testing.