Thi Kim Nga Luong

Multinuclear diffusion NMR spectroscopy and DFT modeling: a powerful combination for unraveling the mechanism of phosphoester bond hydrolysis catalyzed by metal-substituted polyoxometalates.

A detailed reaction mechanism is proposed for the hydrolysis of the phosphoester bonds in the DNA model substrate bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) in the presence of the Zr(IV)-substituted Keggin type polyoxometalate (Et2NH2)8[{α-PW11O39Zr(μ-OH)(H2O)}2]⋅7 H2O (ZrK 2:2) at pD 6.4. Low-temperature (31)P DOSY spectra at pD 6.4 gave the first experimental evidence for the presence of ZrK 1:1 in fast equilibrium with ZrK 2:2 in purely aqueous solution. Moreover, theoretical calculations identified the ZrK 1:1 form as the potentially active species in solution. The reaction intermediates involved in the hydrolysis were identified by means of (1)H/(31)P NMR studies, including EXSY and DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which were supported by DFT calculations. This experimental/theoretical approach enabled the determination of the structures of four intermediate species in which the starting compound BNPP, nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP), or the end product phosphate (P) is coordinated to ZrK 1:1. In the proposed reaction mechanism, BNPP initially coordinates to ZrK 1:1 in a monodentate fashion, which results in hydrolysis of the first phosphoester bond in BNPP and formation of NPP. EXSY NMR studies showed that the bidentate complex between NPP and ZrK 1:1 is in equilibrium with monobound and free NPP. Subsequently, hydrolysis of NPP results in P, which is in equilibrium with its monobound form.

Detailed Mechanism of Phosphoanhydride Bond Hydrolysis Promoted by a Binuclear ZrIV-Substituted Keggin Polyoxometalate Elucidated by a Combination of 31P, 31P DOSY, and 31P EXSY NMR Spectroscopy

A detailed reaction mechanism is proposed for the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of the binuclear Zr(IV)-substituted Keggin type polyoxometalate (Et2NH2)8[{α-PW11O39Zr(μ-OH)(H2O)}2]·7H2O (ZrK 2:2). The full reaction mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in the presence of ZrK 2:2 at pD 6.4 was elucidated by a combination of (31)P, (31)P DOSY, and (31)P EXSY NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating the potential of these techniques for the analysis of complex reaction mixtures involving polyoxometalates (POMs). Two possible parallel reaction pathways were proposed on the basis of the observed reaction intermediates and final products. The 1D (31)P and (31)P DOSY spectra of a mixture of 20.0 mM ATP and 3.0 mM ZrK 2:2 at pD 6.4, measured immediately after sample preparation, evidenced the formation of two types of complexes, I1A and I1B, representing different binding modes between ATP and the Zr(IV)-substituted Keggin type polyoxometalate (ZrK). Analysis of the NMR data shows that at pD 6.4 and 50 °C ATP hydrolysis in the presence of ZrK proceeds in a stepwise fashion. During the course of the hydrolytic reaction various products, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), pyrophosphate (PP), and phosphate (P), were detected. In addition, intermediate species representing the complexes ADP/ZrK (I2) and PP/ZrK (I5) were identified and the potential formation of two other intermediates, AMP/ZrK (I3) and P/ZrK (I4), was demonstrated. (31)P EXSY NMR spectra evidenced slow exchange between ATP and I1A, ADP and I2, and PP and I5, thus confirming the proposed reaction pathways.

Hydrolysis of the RNA model substrate catalyzed by a binuclear Zr(IV)-substituted Keggin polyoxometalate.

The reactivity and solution behaviour of the binuclear Zr(IV)-substituted Keggin polyoxometalate (Et2NH2)8[{α-PW11O39Zr(μ-OH)(H2O)}2]·7H2O (ZrK 2 : 2) towards phosphoester bond hydrolysis of the RNA model substrate 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP) was investigated at different reaction conditions (pD, temperature, concentration, and ionic strength). The hydrolysis of the phosphoester bond of HPNP, followed by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy, proceeded with an observed rate constant, kobs = 11.5(±0.42) × 10(-5) s(-1) at pD 6.4 and 50 °C, representing a 530-fold rate enhancement in comparison with the spontaneous hydrolysis of HPNP. (1)H and (31)P NMR spectra indicate that at these reaction conditions the only products of hydrolysis are p-nitrophenol and the corresponding cyclic phosphate ester. The pD dependence of kobs exhibits a bell-shaped profile, with the fastest rate observed at pD 6.4. The formation constant (Kf = 455 M(-1)) and catalytic rate constant (kc = 42 × 10(-5) s(-1)) for the HPNP-ZrK 2 : 2 complex, activation energy (Ea) of 63.35 ± 1.82 kJ mol(-1), enthalpy of activation (ΔH(‡)) of 60.60 ± 2.09 kJ mol(-1), entropy of activation (ΔS(‡)) of -133.70 ± 6.13 J mol(-1) K(-1), and Gibbs activation energy (ΔG(‡)) of 102.05 ± 0.13 kJ mol(-1) at 37 °C were calculated from kinetic experiments. Binding between ZrK 2 : 2 and the P-O bond of HPNP was evidenced by the change in the (31)P chemical shift and signal line-broadening of the (31)P atom in HPNP upon addition of ZrK 2 : 2. Based on (31)P NMR experiments and isotope effect studies, a mechanism for HPNP hydrolysis in the presence of ZrK 2 : 2 was proposed.