Thiago Machado

Fluoride release/recharge from restorative materials: effect of fluoride gels and time

This study examined the differences in fluoride release and recharge among four restorative materials following treatment with APF or neutral fluoride gel for one or four minutes. Specimens were immersed in 2 mL of deionized water, while fluoride release was measured at 24-hour intervals for 15 days using an ion-selective electrode and analyzer. The materials were then treated with the fluoride gels. The fluoride release was measured for 15 days. ANOVA (p<0.05) showed higher fluoride release for Ketac-Fil before fluoride application and for Vitremer and Fuji II LC after application of APF gel. APF gel yielded higher fluoride release when compared to neutral gel, regardless of the material. Fluoride recharge and release was greater after the four-minute APF gel application, with no difference between the times of application for the neutral gel (p>0.05), except for Ketac-Fil. The pattern of release before and after application of the gels was similar and was higher at day 16 compared to day one for the APF gel for resin materials, with higher release at day 15 compared to the initial for Fuji II LC and Vitremer. It was concluded that RM-GICs were the most effective materials with regards to fluoride release after application of APF gel for four minutes.

Fluoride release by restorative materials before and after a topical application of fluoride gel

The release of fluoride from restorative materials (Vitremer, Ketac-Fil, Fuji II LC and Freedom) was evaluated during two 15-day periods, before and after a topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF). For each material, 6 specimens were made, which were immersed in 2 ml of deionized water. The fluoride concentration dosages in the solutions were read at intervals of 24 hours for 15 days. After this period, the specimens of each material received treatment with APF gel for 4 minutes and the fluoride released was analyzed at 24-hour intervals during the following 15 days. The analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05) showed that the total mean fluoride released during the initial 15 days was greater for Vitremer and Ketac-Fil and lower for Fuji II LC and Freedom; and in the final 15 days there was a difference in release readings, with the greatest value for Vitremer, followed by Fuji II LC, Ketac-Fil and Freedom. The comparison of the results between the 1st day and the 16th day (after gel application) showed a greater fluoride release on the 16th day for Vitremer, Fuji II LC and Freedom and was equal for Ketac-Fil. Although all the materials evaluated gained fluoride with the application of APF, the data suggest that the resin-modified ionomers are more efficient in releasing fluoride to the medium than the other materials.

Segregação de fertilizantes aplicados a lanço

The transversal distribution uniformity of spreaders frequently used for fertilizer and lime distribution are dependent of the quality and physical condition of the product to be distributed. Especially for formulated fertilizers it is relevant and for this reason the objective of this work was verifying the distribution of particles and constancy on the applied composition throughout the spreading width of a spread machine with two fertilizers. The fertilizer collected along the distribution was submitted to chemical analyses and the distribution of each individual element was analyzed. The results indicate that both fertilizers showed differences on the formulation considering the distance from the throwing position to where they were collected. The composition which had micronutrients had the larger degradation to the applied formula (up to 100%) on them and elevated segregation on macronutrients (up to 9.5% for N) and secondary nutrients (up to 39.0% for Ca), showing a bad distribution for them. The other fertilizer also presented deviations of up to 17.8% for N and 34.1% for K on the fertilizer formula along the transversal distribution.

Metodologia para avaliação do desempenho de receptor de GPS de uso agrícola em condição cinemática

Activities that use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are countless and the most used one is the Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by the United States. In precision agriculture there are demands for static and cinematic positioning with distinct levels of accuracy for different applications; nevertheless cinematic performance data are not available as manufacturers of GPS receivers present only static performance information. For this reason it was developed an instrumented vehicle to test a methodology of performance evaluation of GPS receivers in kinematic conditions, which is representative to agricultural operations. A set of instrumentation was composed and used for collecting data under variable speed and rotation direction. Tests were conducted showing that the methodology allows to measure accuracy and precision, but improvements have to be implemented on the instrumentation equipment for long term tests.

Ensaios estáticos e cinemáticos de receptores de GPS

The global navigation satellite systems, especially the GPS, well known and totally implemented, have been intensively used in agriculture. The performance of receivers, however, is not properly disseminated among the users, so the aim of this work is to evaluate receivers with distinct configurations and the use of differential corrections through static and cinematic tests. In the first case eight receivers were tested activating or not the differential corrections WAAS and EGNOS, besides specific augmentation signals for some of the receivers and filtering intensities available for some of the receivers. In the cinematic condition two navigation receivers were mounted on the top of a tractor cab and tested using a GPS RTK receiver as reference. In the first evaluation the results showed that WAAS and EGNOS corrections do not add quality to the positioning in the Piracicaba, SP region. The private differential corrections by satellite were more accurate than the other systems tested. The test under cinematic condition, using a GPS RTK receiver as reference allowed the easy computation of the errors in the perpendicular of travel direction.