Thierry Ernst

Cost analysis of IP mobility management protocols for consumer mobile devices

The rapid progress being made in mobile device technologies that enable consumers can enjoy Internet based multimedia/business services in travel will rely on IP mobility management protocols for enabling mobile services. The performance of mobility management protocols will largely effect on consumers¿ experiences. In this paper, an analytical cost model is developed for evaluating the performance of the existing IP mobility management protocols including the recently developed Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6); they are analyzed and compared in terms of signaling cost, packet delivery cost, tunneling cost, and total cost. The conducted results identify each mobility management protocol¿s strengths and weaknesses that could be used to facilitate decision-making for consumer network design. In addition, suggestions for developing further PMIPv6 improvements are provided.

Performance Analysis of PMIPv6-Based NEtwork MObility for Intelligent Transportation Systems

While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicles Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicles Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicles handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicles handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency.

Network mobility from the InternetCAR perspective

A number of devices, including sensors, mobile telephones, and various computers will be deployed in next generation vehicles, and interconnected on a local network. These vehicles will be connected to the Internet as both a step toward ubiquitous computing and as a means to meet intelligent transportation systems (ITS) needs. For doing so, the communication system requirements are investigated in the InternetCAR project, particularly IPv6 and network mobility support which is mandated to maintain ongoing sessions as the in-vehicle embedded network changes its point of attachment to the Internet topology. In order to deal with the specific issues raised by network mobility, which contrast with traditional work on host mobility, the IETF NEMO working group has been set up. The initial proposition for doing so, prefix scope binding updates, is implemented in our testbed, designed to demonstrate the proposed communication system.

The information technology era of the vehicular industry

In this note, we discuss the emerging era of information technology in the vehicular industry. After reviewing the motivations leading to the use of information technology in vehicles, we investigate the networking requirements of the necessary communication system based on IP (Internet Protocol). Existing work that could meet these requirements is highlighted together with some existing projects. We also briefly introduce some research and deployment issues that will have to be considered.

Multihoming in nested mobile networking

The management of network mobility raises new issues in host mobility: how to maintain IPv6 communication to all nodes inside a mobile network, how to allow nodes to choose the best default router in a multihomed mobile network. In the context of the Nautilus working group within the WIDE community, This work presents what is a mobile network and what is the implications of multihoming and the aggregation of several mobile networks. The paper also presents an optimization in router advertisement to allow hosts to discover the hierarchy of mobile routers in nested mobile networks.

Load sharing and session preservation with multiple mobile routers for large scale network mobility

By means of network mobility (NEMO) support, users can organize their various communication devices into a network, called a mobile network. In a mobile network, the mobile router provides the connectivity to the Internet and mobility management transparency for the rest of the mobile nodes in the mobile network. So, it is important for the mobile router to assure reliable communications and a high data rate for the group of nodes behind it. In support of broadband wireless communications, the use of multiple mobile routers would allow the transfer of large volumes of data to a group of mobile nodes. This paper addresses the protocol issues arising from the use of multiple mobile routers, and analyzes the influence of mobility on load sharing and session preservation when there are multiple mobile routers. Simulation results with different configurations show that session preservation and load sharing schemes are influenced by application mobility behavior and wireless access technologies.

Lightweight NEtwork MObility Within PMIPv6 for Transportation Systems

NEtwork MObility (NEMO) provides that a moving network involving mobile network nodes (MNNs) can move around the Internet without loss of connection. NEMO Basic Support (NBS) has been developed as an extension of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) so that it succeeds to drawbacks of host-based mobility management protocol. In NBS, the moving network keeps its connectivity with its home agent (HA) through its registration procedure. In other words, the moving network is required to obtain its new address and to send its own mobility signaling to the HA for every movements. In this paper, a simple and lightweight mechanism for NEMO within Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), which is a network-based mobility management protocol, is introduced. The proposed mechanism enables a moving network to change its point of attachment at a given PMIPv6 domain without acquiring a new address and sending its own mobility signaling. Mobility service provisioning entities residing at the PMIPv6 domain are extended to support NEMO. The analytical performance analysis is conducted to demonstrate that the moving network in the proposed mechanism achieves the reduced traffic cost and handover latency compared to NBS.

IPv6 support for VANET with geographical routing

IPv6 support is needed in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) with geographical routing. Basic IPv6 protocols such as address auto-configuration assume multicast capable link. However, in VANET, the definition of link becomes ambiguous and it is difficult to support link-scope multicast. Artificial emulation of multicast capable link like Ethernet is possible but may cause low efficiency and high cost. A new way to efficiently run IPv6 over VANET is needed and this paper proposes such a scheme. Our proposal takes the architecture defined by the C2C-CC (car-to-car communication consortium) as a reference system and exploits its inherent features to perform IPv6 operations without link-scope multicast.

On the Design of Efficient Vehicular Applications

Vehicular communications attract the attention of many people in the networking research world. These networks present some special features, such as high mobility or specific topologies, which affect the performance of applications. In order to select the appropriate technologies, more effort should be directed to identify the final necessities of the network. Few works identify possible applications of vehicular networks, but none of them link application requirements which networking technologies available in the vehicular field. In this paper, we fill this gap, and propose an analysis of application requirements and study how to deal with them using communication technologies for the physical and network level. This study contains key factors which must be taken into account, especially, at the designing stage of the vehicular network.

Routing Optimization for Nested Mobile Networks

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support is the standard protocol to provide continuous network connectivity and movement transparency to a group of nodes moving together, as in a vehicle. However, the protocol suffers from sub-optimal routing and packet overhead caused by a bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router (MR) connecting the mobile network to the Internet and its Home Agent (HA). When a nested NEMO is formed, these inefficiencies become intolerable for real-time multimedia applications. To optimize the delivery of these packets, this study proposes Optimized NEMO (ONEMO) that is capable of providing an optimal path with minimum packet overhead in various scenarios with nested mobility. The protocol is designed to offer the path with minimum signaling overhead and functional requirements are limited to its MRs. Evaluation through measurements against NEMO Basic Support and comparison among other solutions showed effectiveness of the protocol.