Thomas A. Smucker

Changing household responses to drought in Tharaka, Kenya: vulnerability, persistence and challenge

Drought is a recurring challenge to the livelihoods of those living in Tharaka District, Kenya, situated in the semi-arid zone to the east of Mount Kenya, from the lowest slopes of the mountain to the banks of the Tana River. This part of Kenya has been marginal to the economic and political life of Kenya from the colonial period until the present day. A study of more than 30 years of change in how people in Tharaka cope with drought reveals resilience in the face of major macro-level transformations, which include privatisation of landownership, population growth, political decentralisation, increased conflict over natural resources, different market conditions, and environmental shifts. However, the study also shows troubling signs of increased use of drought responses that are incompatible with long-term agrarian livelihoods. Government policy needs to address the challenge of drought under these new macro conditions if sustainable human development is to be achieved.

Xeriscape people and the cultural politics of turfgrass transformation

Turfgrass yards dominate the residential landscapes of St Petersburg, Florida, and much of the rest of the urban and suburban United States. Increasingly, alternatives to the resource-intensive turfgrass lawn are the focus of interest among environmentalists, state and county governments, and growing numbers of residents in cities in the water-scarce Southeast and Southwest. Drawing on ethnographic and survey field research on everyday yard practices, resource use, and landscape perceptions, we explore the environmental and cultural dilemmas presented by the choice between conventional turfgrass and the more environmentally benign xeriscaping. We engage with Bourdieus notions of habitus, field, and distinction to explore how local and personal scale yards, as produced and consumed technonatures, mediate the scales of global environmentalism, national and regional cultural identities, classed aesthetics, and personal and collective security. We find that xeriscaping does not increase proportionate to income. We argue that yards are a display of cultural capital and that xeriscapers are invested in an environmentalist field that operates at an imagined global scale as opposed to the neighborhood and national scale values invoked with the traditional turfgrass lawn. Referring to Bourdieus work on taste and distinction, we argue that xeriscaped landscapes may entail a more environmentally benign set of landscaping practices but that the adoption of xeriscaping is no less implicated in the reproduction of privilege and distinction than is the traditional turfgrass lawn.

Contemporary Challenges of Participatory Field Research for Land Use Change Analyses: Examples from Kenya

This article discusses the evolution of participatory methods and their benefits and pitfalls in contributing to land use and land cover change (LULCC) analyses. Participation has become a practical means of developing a more complete assessment of societal change by bringing local peoples narratives and understandings to bear on the interpretation of data collected using more extractive methods, such as the household survey, or data collected remotely, such as satellite images. Their methodological value lies in their ability to provide insights into the local mediation of external political, economic, and cultural processes. However, the realization of these contributions to LULCC analysis requires sensitivity to community differentiation, competing narratives of change, and the broader social context in which participatory forums take place. Examples from Kenya suggest that participatory feedback workshops present distinct empirical advantages that allow researchers to develop an understanding of critical intersections of social and environmental change through a dialogical process whereby participants themselves frame the central categories and change processes.

Gendered knowledge and adaptive practices: Differentiation and change in Mwanga District, Tanzania

We examine the wider social knowledge domain that complements technical and environmental knowledge in enabling adaptive practices through two case studies in Tanzania. We are concerned with knowledge production that is shaped by gendered exclusion from the main thrusts of planned adaptation, in the practice of irrigation in a dryland village and the adoption of fast-maturing seed varieties in a highland village. The findings draw on data from a household survey, community workshops, and key informant interviews. The largest challenge to effective adaptation is a lack of access to the social networks and institutions that allocate resources needed for adaptation. Results demonstrate the social differentiation of local knowledge, and how it is entwined with adaptive practices that emerge in relation to gendered mechanisms of access. We conclude that community-based adaptation can learn from engaging the broader social knowledge base in evaluating priorities for coping with greater climate variability.

The Pedagogical Benefits of Participatory GIS for Geographic Education

ABSTRACT In this article, participatory GIS (PGIS) is explored and established as a powerful platform for geographic education. PGIS pedagogy can help educators meet diverse learning objectives pertaining to: (1) local knowledge and place-based thinking; (2) community engagement; (3) field mapping with geospatial technologies; (4) mixed-methods research; and (5) fostering of critical reflexivity in students. The discussion is supported with insights from multiple student-facilitated PGIS projects organized in rural Tanzania. There also is a thorough discussion of the challenges and caveats associated with involving students in PGIS projects, and a call for new research for assessing and advancing PGIS pedagogy.

A synthesis of convergent reflections, tensions and silences in linking gender and global environmental change research

Abstract This synthesis article joins the authors of the special issue “Gender perspectives in resilience, vulnerability and adaptation to global environmental change” in a common reflective dialogue about the main contributions of their papers. In sum, here we reflect on links between gender and feminist approaches to research in adaptation and resilience in global environmental change (GEC). The main theoretical contributions of this special issue are threefold: emphasizing the relevance of power relations in feminist political ecology, bringing the livelihood and intersectionality approaches into GEC, and linking resilience theories and critical feminist research. Empirical insights on key debates in GEC studies are also highlighted from the nine cases analysed, from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Further, the special issue also contributes to broaden the gender approach in adaptation to GEC by incorporating research sites in the Global North alongside sites from the Global South. This paper examines and compares the main approaches adopted (e.g. qualitative or mixed methods) and the methodological challenges that derive from intersectional perspectives. Finally, key messages for policy agendas and further research are drawn from the common reflection.

Xeriscaping as coastal amelioration: Using ‘Florida Friendly landscaping’ to reduce pollutant runoff and water consumption in Pinellas County, Florida.

The traditional yard dominated by a green lawn poses environmental problems in Floridas sub–tropical climate, including excessive use pesticides and fertilizers and destruction of native habitats. Additionally, more than 80% of domestic water is used for lawn and garden maintenance. This paper examines over 300 survey questionnaires completed by residents of Pinellas County, Florida, and explores landscape practices across socio–economic categories. We assess the extent to which participants have adopted Florida Friendly landscaping practices; estimate the potential impact of these practices on amelioration of coastal environments; and discuss cultural barriers to the wider adoption of more ecologically friendly landscaping methods.

Gendered opportunities and constraints to scaling up: a case study of spontaneous adaptation in a pastoralist community in Mwanga District, Tanzania

There is a growing momentum within development circles for pro-active strategies to facilitate the climate change adaptation of pastoralist communities. However, where planned adaptation originates outside a community, it has the potential to alter or eclipse autonomous forms of local adaptation. This paper identifies the range of autonomous adaptive practices undertaken by a Maasai pastoralist community and examines existing opportunities and constraints to adaptation. Field data were collected at three complementary levels: community, household and individual. Results indicate that many adaptive practices used in this community have been modified from past risk management strategies drawn directly from pastoralists’ experience in dry-land environments. However, not all pastoralists are able to engage in these adaptive practices. Gender and wealth inequality pose a challenge to scaling up as they influence access to land and water for irrigation as well as financial assets required to access adaptive practices that are available in the wider community. This research concludes that planned adaptation should take into consideration the full range of existing adaptive practices and inequality in access as this provides information on opportunities and barriers to scaling up.

Community-based adaptation to climate variability and change: mapping and assessment of water resource management challenges in the North Pare highlands, Tanzania

In contrast to the technocentric emphasis on new irrigation infrastructure that has been the hallmark of Tanzania’s climate change adaptation policy, this paper examines challenges for local management of existing ‘traditional’ small-scale water resources through community-engaged research that is grounded in the emerging methods of community-based adaptation. We examine the shifting local institutional arrangements during the colonial and postcolonial periods that have shaped the social dynamics of climate risk and water resources management in the North Pare highlands. Secondly, we examine contemporary water use and management and perceptions of change in the North Pare highlands, where smallholder farmers manage water resources to fulfill domestic and other requirements of an intensively cultivated landscape. Last, we draw on community mapping and assessment of small-scale water resources to identify options for future action at community level. Our findings highlight a set of embedded institutional concerns that confront communities evaluating future trajectories of climate change adaptation.

Environmental education in southern Africa: a case study of a secondary school in the Okavango Delta of Botswana

Abstract This study explored the extent to which teachers integrate environmental education and local environmental knowledge into the curriculum of a secondary school in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. In doing so, the study explored the potential value of place-based education in redressing concerns brought to light in postcolonial critiques of education in southern Africa. The study found that teachers sought to integrate environmental education into the curriculum through lessons that included references to local place names and local flora and fauna, lessons addressing issues related to environmental resource management in the region, and the acknowledgment and celebration of traditional lifestyle activities in the schools. The study also found that efforts to integrate environmental education into the curriculum were limited by a lack of educational resources needed to support these endeavors as well as a lack of adequate teacher training promoting this educational goal. The results also illustrate the potential value of place-based education in redressing the legacy of southern Africa’s colonial past in schools in Botswana and southern Africa.