Thomas E. Murray

Legal and Ethical Issues in Surreptitious Recording

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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF CARNIE

This essay examines the history and ongoing livelihood of Carnie, a subcultural argot once popular among workers in circuses, carnivals, sideshows, athletic shows, and, more recently, professional wrestling. Through the use of published sources as well as personal interviews, we trace the origins of the argot to the late nineteenth century, when it may have been used exclusively as a secret language to conceal the illicit activities of some carnival and circus employees, then illustrate the many functions it has served since: as a means of delimiting and maintaining social boundaries; as a childrens play language; as a secret language among family members, among the members of various noncircus and noncarnival underworld subcultures, and among penitentiary inmates; and as the show business language of a popular rock and roll disc jockey.

The language of bodybuilding.

It is this last aspect of bodybuilding-the vocabulary-with which I will be primarily concerned in this article, but first I would like to give a brief history of the sport (drawing primarily upon Gaines and Butler 1974, pp. 109-34). In the most literal sense, bodybuilding is one of the oldest sports known to man: it probably began as a mere preoccupation of those who simply wanted to make themselves stronger, but it evolved into a somewhat more systematic sport when it was practiced by the ancient Greeks and Chinese. The first truly widespread following of bodybuilding, however, was almost certainly in Prussia in 1811: Napoleon had conquered the Prussians and forbidden them to take up arms in battle, so one Friedrich Ludwig Jahn began training the troops in physical culture as a means of national defense. The practice and popularity of taking exercise and lifting heavy weights apparently spread throughout the rest of nineteenth-century Europe, for professional strongman acts soon became commonplace in the various vaudeville houses, and in 1887 a bodybuilder named Louis Attila was invited to give an exhibition at Queen Victorias jubilee. Bodybuilding first crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1893, when Eugene Sandow brought his strongman act to the United States and appeared at the Chicago Worlds Fair under contract with showman Florenz Ziegfeld. Sandows popularity spread very quickly, and with it the popularity of bodybuilding as well. Nor was this popularity limited to the increased sale and use of dumbbells; indeed, hitherto unexplored commercial aspects of the sport soon gained in prominence. In 1898, for example, Bernarr (Body Love) Macfadden began publishing Physical Culture, the first magazine devoted exclusively to bodybuilding. And in 1903, as a promotional device for his magazine, Macfadden staged the first organized physique contest in history and crowned Al Treloar The Most Perfectly Developed Man in America.