Thomas Higgins

Toxic Chemicals : Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction

Introduction Toxic Chemical Composition Reporting California: Proposition Basis for Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program European Unions Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Program Basis for Program Program Requirements Registration Toxics Release Inventory Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Basis for the Program Program Requirements Refinements to TRI Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Limitations of TRI Program TRI Programs in Other Countries Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory Program Australian National Pollutant Inventory European Union European Pollutant Emission Register European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Japan Accessing PRTR Data North American Data European Data from E-PRTR International PRTR Data from OECD TRI Program Impacts on Reducing Toxic Chemical Releases TRI Success Stories Quantifying Toxicity Ingestion Carcinogenicity Inhalation Carcinogenicity Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Development of a Single Toxicity Factor Ingestion Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development Inhalation Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development Single Combined Relative Toxicity Factor Development Quantifying Mobility Air Mobility Factor Water Mobility Factor Combined Mobility Factor Quantifying Persistence Persistence Factor Quantifying Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Adjustment Factor Developing Effective Toxicity Factors Effective Toxicity Factor Toxicity Impact Focusing on Impact Chemicals US Environmental Protection Agency 33/50 Program Basis for Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program Washington Department of Ecology Persistent, Bioaccumulative Toxins Program and Other Targeted (Mercury) Chemicals Programs Basis for the Mercury Reduction Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program Registration, Evaluation Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Program of the European Union Basis for Program Program Requirements Evaluation Authorization PBT Substances Very Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances Restriction Use versus Release Reporting Comparison of Use and Releases Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act Reporting Requirements Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program Reporting Requirements New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program Pollution Prevention Planning Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program Washington State Department of Ecology Pollution Prevention Program New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program Lessons Learned by New Jersey Companies California: Hazardous Waste Source Reduction and Management Review Act of 1989 (Senate Bill 14) Texas Minnesota Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs Technical Assistance Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program Technical Resources for Engineering Efficiency Program Basis for Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program Lean and the Environment Program (Washington State) Basis for Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program Company Examples New Jersey Technical Assistance Program Basis for Program Program Requirements Role of Stakeholders Financial Impacts Effectiveness of Program California Technical Assistance Program Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection Command without Control Cap and Trade Pollution Taxes or Fees A Program to Reduce Toxic Chemical Use Target Impact Chemicals Chemical Composition Reporting Chemical Toxicity Rating Chemical Use Reporting Public Disclosure Toxic Chemical Use Fee Incentives Chemical Use Reduction Planning Technical Assistance Costs and Benefits Costs of the Program Toxic Chemical Use Fees Health Benefits of a Successful Toxic Chemical Usage Reduction Program Environmental Impacts Direct Benefits to Businesses Human Capacity Building Technology Transfer and Productivity Enhancement Positive Publicity and Associated Increased Revenue Reduced Regulatory Burden Other Benefits Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names