Thomas S. Kuhn

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition

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(Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability)

The authors concept of incommensurability is explicated by elaborating the claim that some terms essential to the formulation of older theories defy translation into the language of more recent ones. Defense of this claim rests on the distinction between interpreting a theory in a later language and translating the theory into it. The former is both possible and essential, the latter neither. The interpretation/translation distinction is then applied to Kitchers critique of incommensurability and Quines conception of a translation manual, both of which take reference-preservation as the sole semantic criterion of translational adequacy. The paper concludes by enquiring about the additional criteria a successful translation must satisfy.

Theory-change as structure-change: Comments on the sneed formalism

It is now more than a year and a half since Professor Stegmuller kindly sent me a copy of his Theorie und Erfahrung (Stegmuller, 1973), thus drawing my attention for the first time to the existence of Dr. Sneed’s new formalism and its likely relevance to my own work. At that time set theory was to me an unknown and altogether forbidding language, but I was quickly persuaded that I must somehow find time to acquire it. Even now I cannot claim entire success: I shall here sometimes refer to, but never attempt to speak, set theory. Nevertheless, I have learned enough to embrace with enthusiasm the two major conclusions of Stegmuller’s book. First, though still at an early stage of its development, the new formalism makes important new territory accessible to analytic philosophy of science. Second, though sketched with a pen I can still scarcely hold, preliminary charts of the new terrain display remarkable resemblance to a map I had previously sketched from scattered travellers’ reports brought back by itinerant historians of science.

Notes on Lakatos

The invitation which has brought me here to comment on Professor Lakatos’ paper has given me much pleasure, for I have long been an admirer of his work, particularly of his early four-part paper, ‘Proofs and Refutations’. That does not mean, of course, that we have often agreed, but I have enjoyed the arguments that resulted and looked forward to this one. My pleasure, furthermore, was considerably enhanced when I discovered that Lakatos was going to be able to confound all precedent, his own and others, by getting this paper to me well in advance. It is a privilege few commentators are given, and I am correspondingly grateful.

Carnot's Version of “Carnot's Cycle”

The desirability and the difficulty of retrieving modern scientific concepts in classical scientific authors is discussed with particular reference to a recently published re-evaluation of Sadi Carnots memoir. Evidence is presented to support the interpretation of Carnot provided by his nineteenth-century successors and current in modern texts: Carnots use of the material theory of heat led him to misconstrue the foundations of thermodynamics, but the misconstruction, discoverable only in retrospect, is irrelevant to his stature as a profound and original investigator.

Bemerkungen zu meinen Kritikern

Es ist vier Jahre her, das Professor Watkins und ich einen fur uns beide undurchdringlichen Gedankenaustausch anlaslich des Internationalen Kolloquiums uber die Philosophie der Wissenschaft im Bedford College zu London hatten. Indem ich nun unsere Beitrage zusammen mit den anderen lese, die seitdem hinzugefugt worden sind, ware ich beinahe geneigt, die Existenz von zwei Personen mit dem Namen Thomas Kuhn zu vermuten. Kuhn1 ist der Verfasser dieses Beitrags und eines fruheren Stuckes in dem vorliegenden Band. Er hat auch ein Buch unter dem Titel The Structure of Scientific Revolutions [= Die Struktur der wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen] i. J. 1962 veroffentlicht, dasjenige, woruber er selber und Miss Masterman sprechen. Kuhn2 ist der Verfasser eines anderen Buches unter demselben Titel. Dieses andere Buch wird hier mehrmals von Sir Karl Popper wie auch von den Professoren Feyerabend, Lakatos, Toulmin und Watkins zitiert. Es kann kein Zufall sein, das beide Bucher denselben Titel fuhren; denn die Ansichten, die in ihnen vertreten werden, decken sich haufig, und auf alle Falle werden sie mit denselben Worten zum Ausdruck gebracht. Doch ihre Absichten sind gewohnlich verschieden. Wie seine Kritiker berichten (denn sein Original ist fur mich, leider, unzuganglich geworden), scheint Kuhn2 gelegentlich Behauptungen aufzustellen, die wesentliche Aspekte jenes Standpunktes umstosen, die sein Namensvetter skizziert hat.

Logik der Forschung oder Psychologie der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit

Meine Aufgabe auf diesen Seiten ist, die Ansichten, die uber die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung in meinem Buch The Structure of Scientific Revolutions [= Die Struktur der wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen] skizziert wurden, mit den besser bekannten Ansichten unseres Vorsitzenden Sir Karl Popper2) zu vergleichen. Gewohnlich hatte ich diese Aufgabe nicht auf mich genommen, weil ich von der Nutzlichkeit solcher Gegenuberstellungen nicht so sehr uberzeugt bin wie Sir Karl. Auserdem habe ich sein Werk allzu lange bewundert, um jetzt plotzlich zu seinem Kritiker zu werden. Aber ich sehe doch ein, das der Versuch aus diesem Anlas gemacht werden soll. Schon bevor mein Buch veroffentlicht worden war, begann ich eine spezielle und oft uberraschende Beziehung zwischen seinen Ansichten und den meinigen zu entdecken. Diese Beziehung und die verschiedenen Reaktionen darauf, denen ich begegnet bin, lassen mich vermuten, das ein ernstgenommener Vergleich der beiden manches interessant beleuchten konnte. Warum ist dies der Fall?

On Learning Physics.

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Scientific Revolutions as Changes of World View

Examining the record of past research from the vantage of contemporary historiography, the historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places. Even more important, during revolutions scientists see new and different things when looking with familiar instruments in places they have looked before. It is rather as if the professional community had been suddenly transported to another planet where familiar objects are seen in a different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well. Of course, nothing of quite that sort does occur: there is no geographical transplantation; outside the laboratory everyday affairs usually continue as before. Nevertheless, paradigm changes do cause scientists to see the world of their research-engagement differently. In so far as their only recourse to that world is through what they see and do, we may want to say that after a revolution scientists are responding to a different world.

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Documents about the work The structure of scientific revolutions (1962) / Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pages in data.bnf.fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Related authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 This page in data.bnf.fr lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sources and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Link to the main catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Variant of the title