Tiago Felipe de Abreu Santos

Friction stir welding of duplex and superduplex stainless steels and some aspects of microstructural characterization and mechanical performance

Friction stir welding was used to produce butt joints on 6 mm thick plates of UNS S32101 lean duplex stainless steel, S32205 duplex stainless steel, and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. Fully consolidated joints were achieved, with full penetration, using heat input of 1.37-1.50 kJ/mm. Specimens submitted to tensile testing performed perpendicular to the welding direction showed failure on the base metal, reflecting better mechanical performance of the welded joints. Furthermore, tensile testing along the joints revealed higher yield and tensile strengths in all cases, as well as increased elongation. Microstructural evaluation showed that there was pronounced grain refinement in the welded joints of all the materials studied, achieving grain sizes as small as 1 µm. The differences in the ferrite and austenite grain sizes in the stir zone, such as the degree of grain refinement, could be explained by the combination of dynamic recrystallization of austenite during the welding process and the recrystallization and growth of the ferrite grains, promoted firstly by the severe deformation and secondly by the high temperature inherent to the FSW process. Superduplex stainless steel FSW joints were more able to maintain a balanced microstructure, compared to conventional and lean duplex stainless steels, due to greater homogeneity of recrystallization in the welded joint.

Soldagem por Atrito com Pino Não Consumível de Aços Inoxidáveis Duplex

Duplex stainless steels are successful in a variety of applications such as the food industry, petrochemical and plants for desalination of seawater, where high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are required. However, the beneficial microstructure may be change during fusion welding steps and it can compromise the performance of these materials. Friction stir welding is a solid state process avoiding typical problems concerning solidification such as solidification cracks, liquation and segregation of alloying elements. For superduplex stainless steels can avoid unbalanced proportions of ferrite and austenite, formation of secondary deleterious phases and grain growth of ferrite in the heat affected zone. Consolidated friction stir welded joints with full penetration of 6 mm thick were obtained for UNS S32101 and S32205 duplex and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. The friction stir welds were submitted to tensile tests indicating an improvement of strength in welded joints showing increased of yield and tensile strength for all studied cases. Regarding the microstructural characterization, an outstanding gran refinement was observed in the welded joint achieving grain sizes as small as 1 μm. This refinement was associated with the combination of microstructural restoration mechanisms in the dual phase microstructure promoted by severe deformation associated with a high temperature during the welding process. Key-words: Friction stir welding; Duplex stainless steels; Welding parameters development.Duplex stainless steels are successful in a variety of applications such as the food industry, petrochemical and plants for desalination of seawater, where high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are required. However, the beneficial microstructure may be change during fusion welding steps and it can compromise the performance of these materials. Friction stir welding is a solid state process avoiding typical problems concerning solidification such as solidification cracks, liquation and segregation of alloying elements. For superduplex stainless steels can avoid unbalanced proportions of ferrite and austenite, formation of secondary deleterious phases and grain growth of ferrite in the heat affected zone. Consolidated friction stir welded joints with full penetration of 6 mm thick were obtained for UNS S32101 and S32205 duplex and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. The friction stir welds were submitted to tensile tests indicating an improvement of strength in welded joints showing increased of yield and tensile strength for all studied cases. Regarding the microstructural characterization, an outstanding gran refinement was observed in the welded joint achieving grain sizes as small as 1 μm. This refinement was associated with the combination of microstructural restoration mechanisms in the dual phase microstructure promoted by severe deformation associated with a high temperature during the welding process.

Microstructural Evolution of HSLA ISO 3183 X80M (API 5L X80) Friction Stir Welded Joints

Evaluation was made of friction stir welded joints, identifying conditions that resulted in satisfactory welded joints free from defects and with microstructural characteristics that provided good mechanical properties. Microstructural characterization and cooling curve analysis of the joints with lower and higher heat inputs evidenced deformation below and above the non-recrystallization temperature (Tnr) and dynamic recrystallization during microstructural evolution. Microscopy analyses showed acicular ferrite, bainitic ferrite, and coalesced bainite microstructures in the stir zone of the cold weld (lower heat input), while the stir zone of the hot weld (higher heat input) contained bainitic ferrite, acicular ferrite, coalesced bainite, martensite, and dispersed carbides. Granular bainite and dispersed carbides were observed in all the heat affected zones. Analysis of the microstructural transformations, together with the thermal history of the joints, showed that the variable that had the greatest influence on the morphology of the bainite (granular bainite/bainitic ferrite) was the deformation temperature.

Physical Simulation of a Duplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welding by the Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Hot Torsion Tests

Physical simulation of friction stir welding (FSW) by means of hot torsion tests was performed on UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. A thermomechanical simulator Gleeble 3800® with a custom-built liquid nitrogen cooling system was employed to reproduce the thermal cycle measured during FSW and carry out the torsion tests. Microstructures were compared by means of light optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. True strain and strain rate were calculated by numerical simulation of the torsion tests. Thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) was reproduced at peak temperature of 1303xa0K (1030xa0°C), rotational speeds of 52.4 radxa0s−1 (500 rpm) and 74.5 radxa0s−1 (750 rpm), and 0.5 to 0.75 revolutions, which represent strain rate between 10 and 16xa0s−1 and true strain between 0.5 and 0.8. Strong grain refinement, similar to the one observed in the stir zone (SZ), was attained at peak temperature of 1403xa0K (1130xa0°C), rotational speed of 74.5xa0radxa0s−1 (750 rpm), and 1.2 revolution, which represent strain rate of 19xa0s−1 and true strain of 1.3. Continuous dynamic recrystallization in ferrite and dynamic recrystallization in austenite were observed in the TMAZ simulation. At higher temperature, dynamic recovery of austenite was also observed.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE UMA JUNTA SOLDADA DE AÇO INOXIDÁVEL DUPLEX PELO PROCESSO TIG NA RAIZ E ENCHIMENTO COM PROCESSO MIG-MAG

Resumo Os aços inoxidáveis duplex caracterizam-se por apresentarem microestrutura bifásica, ferrítica-austenítica. A fração volumétrica ideal das fases é 50% de ferrita e 50% de austenita, entretanto, essa condição é de difícil obtenção quando realiza-se a união por soldagem a arco desses materiais. Neste trabalho estudou-se as melhores práticas de soldagem do aço inoxidável duplex UNS S31803 garantindo a obtenção de frações volumétricas ideais de ferrita e austenita. Foi soldado um corpo de prova pelos processos TIG e MIG-MAG. Para esse corpo de prova foi realizada a soldagem de um passe de raiz e um passe de reforço através do processo TIG e o preenchimento da junta através do processo MIG-MAG. Foram realizados os seguintes ensaios no corpo de prova: micrografia (metal base, ZAC face, ZAC raiz, face da Zona Fundida e raiz da Zona Fundida), medição da fração volumétrica de ferrita, microdureza Vickers (HV500), ensaio de tração da junta soldada, dobramento guiado, Charpy e ensaio de corrosão por pitting. Palavras-chave: Aços Inoxidáveis Duplex; Soldagem; TIG; MIG.

CINÉTICAS DE OXIDAÇÃO E CÁLCULO DA ENERGIA DE ATIVAÇÃO APARENTE PARA FORMAÇÃO DOS ÓXIDOS EM AÇO INOXIDÁVEL AUSTENÍTICOS LAMINADO 253 MA A ALTAS TEMPERATURAS AO AR

* Contribuição técnica ao 72o Congresso Anual da ABM – Internacional e ao 17o ENEMET Encontro Nacional de Estudantes de Engenharia Metalúrgica, de Materiais e de Minas, parte integrante da ABM Week, realizada de 02 a 06 de outubro de 2017, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. CINÉTICAS DE OXIDAÇÃO E CÁLCULO DA ENERGIA DE ATIVAÇÃO APARENTE PARA FORMAÇÃO DOS ÓXIDOS EM AÇO INOXIDÁVEL AUSTENÍTICOS LAMINADO 253 MA A ALTAS TEMPERATURAS AO AR*

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MICROESTRUTURAL DAS CAMADAS PROTETIVAS DE ÓXIDOS FORMADOS NAS SUPERFÍCIES DE UM AÇO INOXIDÁVEL AUSTENITICO LAMINADO (253 MA®) OXIDADO A ALTAS TEMPERATURAS AO AR

* Contribuição técnica ao 72o Congresso Anual da ABM – Internacional e ao 17o ENEMET Encontro Nacional de Estudantes de Engenharia Metalúrgica, de Materiais e de Minas, parte integrante da ABM Week, realizada de 02 a 06 de outubro de 2017, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. CARACTERIZAÇÃO MICROESTRUTURAL DAS CAMADAS PROTETIVAS DE ÓXIDOS FORMADOS NAS SUPERFÍCIES DE UM AÇO INOXIDÁVEL AUSTENITICO LAMINADO (253 MA®) OXIDADO A ALTAS TEMPERATURAS AO AR*

Influência da Posição e dos Parâmetros de Soldagem na Soldagem TIG Orbital Aplicada a Tubulações de Aço Baixo Carbono

The most important characteristic of TIG Orbital welding is the constant change in weld position while the torch follows the geometric profile of the pipes. In this context, large diameter and thick wall pipes orbital TIG welds were investigated, by studying the relation between the welding position, use of constant or pulsed current and magnitude of welding current and the resulting geometric characteristics. Weld beads were made on SAE 1020 carbon steel pipes, as well as transversal section macrographs via optical micrograph. High definition filming contributed to comprehension of the weld pool trend on different welding positions. Geometric characteristics were quantified through the macrographs by using software, and its relations with the cited variables were made. Besides that, a microstructural analysis was made, comparing it to Vickers micro hardness. One could conclude that beads made with pulsed current had higher reinforcement and width, as well as higher hardness and a finer microstructure. The ascendant vertical position resulted in low reinforcement form factor and higher penetration, and the overhead position results in low reinforcement form factor beads.