Tigran S. Kurtikyan

Nitric oxide dioxygenation reaction by oxy-coboglobin models: in-situ low-temperature FTIR characterization of coordinated peroxynitrite.

The oxy-cobolglobin models of the general formula (NH(3))Co(Por)(O(2)) (Por = meso-tetra-phenyl and meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato dianions) were constructed by sequential low temperature interaction of NH(3) and dioxygen with microporous layers of Co-porphyrins. At cryogenic temperatures small increments of NO were introduced into the cryostat and the following reactions were monitored by the FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy during slow warming. Upon warming the layers from 80 to 120 K a set of new IR bands grows with correlating intensities along with the consumption of the ν(O(2)) band. Isotope labeling experiments with (18)O(2), (15)NO and N(18)O along with DFT calculations provides a basis for assigning them to the six-coordinate peroxynitrite complexes (NH(3))Co(Por)(OONO). Over the course of warming the layers from 140 to 170 K these complexes decompose and there are spectral features suggesting the formation of nitrogen dioxide NO(2). Upon keeping the layers at 180-210 K the bands of NO(2) gradually decrease in intensity and the set of new bands grows in the range of 1480, 1270, and 980 cm(-1). These bands have their isotopic counterparts when (15)NO, (18)O(2) and N(18)O are used in the experiments and certainly belong to the 6-coordinate nitrato complexes (NH(3))Co(Por)(η(1)-ONO(2)) demonstrating the ability of oxy coboglobin models to promote the nitric oxide dioxygenation (NOD) reaction similar to oxy-hemes. As in the case of Hb, Mb and model iron-porphyrins, the six-coordinate nitrato complexes are not stable at room temperature and dissociate to give nitrate anion and oxidized cationic complex Co(III)(Por)(NH(3))(1,2).

Hexacoordinate oxy-globin models Fe(Por)(NH3)(O2) react with NO to form only the nitrato analogs Fe(Por)(NH3)(η1-ONO2), even at ∼100 K

The oxy-globin models Fe(Por)(NH(3))(O(2)), prepared by sequential reactions of O(2) ((18)O(2)) and NH(3) with thin porous layers of Fe(II)(Por), react with NO ((15)NO) at 80-100 K to form only the low-spin nitrato complexes Fe(Por)(NH(3))(η(1)-ONO(2)), thus implying that peroxynitrite intermediates, if formed, must undergo very facile isomerization to the nitrato analog.

Nitric oxide interaction with oxy-coboglobin models containing trans-pyridine ligand: two reaction pathways.

The oxy-cobolglobin models of the general formula (Py)Co(Por)(O2) (Por = meso-tetraphenyl- and meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato dianions) were constructed by sequential low-temperature interaction of Py and dioxygen with microporous layers of Co-porphyrins. At cryogenic temperatures small increments of NO were introduced into the cryostat and the following reactions were monitored by the FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy during slow warming. Similar to the recently studied (NH3)Co(Por)(O2) system (Kurtikyan et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 13671-13680), this interaction leads to the nitric oxide dioxygenation reaction with the formation of thermally unstable nitrato complexes (Py)Co(Por)(η(1)-ONO2). The reaction proceeds through the formation of the six-coordinate peroxynitrite adducts (Py)Co(Por)(OONO), as was demonstrated by FTIR measurements with the use of isotopically labeled (18)O2, (15)NO, N(18)O, and (15)N(18)O species and DFT calculations. In contrast to the ammonia system, however, the binding of dioxygen in (Py)Co(Por)(O2) is weaker and the second reaction pathway takes place due to autoxidation of NO by rebound O2 that in NO excess gives N2O3 and N2O4 species adsorbed in the layer. This leads eventually to partial formation of (Py)Co(Por)(NO) and (Py)Co(Por)(NO2) as a result of NO and NO2 reactions with five-coordinate Co(Por)(Py) complexes that are present in the layer after the O2 has been released. The former is thermally unstable and at room temperature passes to the five-coordinate nitrosyl complex, while the latter is a stable compound. In these experiments at 210 K, the layer consists mostly of six-coordinate nitrato complexes and some minor quantities of six-coordinate nitro and nitrosyl species. Their relative quantities depend on the experimental conditions, and the yield of nitrato species is proportional to the relative quantity of peroxynitrite intermediate. Using differently labeled nitrogen oxide isotopomers in different stages of the process the formation of the caged radical pair after homolytic disruption of the O-O bond in peroxynitrite moiety is clearly shown. The composition of the layers upon farther warming to room temperature depends on the experimental conditions. In vacuo the six-coordinate nitrato complexes decompose to give nitrate anion and oxidized cationic complex Co(III)(Por)(Py)2. In the presence of NO excess, however, the nitro-pyridine complexes (Py)Co(Por)(NO2) are predominantly formed formally indicating the oxo-transfer reactivity of (Py)Co(Por)(η(1)-ONO2) with regard to NO. Using differently labeled nitrogen in nitric oxide and coordinated nitrate a plausible mechanism of this reaction is suggested based on the isotope distribution in the nitro complexes formed.

Six-coordinate nitro complexes of iron(III) porphyrins with trans S-donor ligands. Oxo-transfer reactivity in the solid state.

Spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the 5-coordinate O-nitrito complexes Fe(Por)(eta(1)-ONO) (Por--meso-tetraphenyl- or meso-tetra-p-tolyl-porphyrinato dianions) react with the thioethers (R(2)S) dimethylsulfide and tetrahydrothiophene to give the 6-coordinate N-nitrito complexes Fe(Por)(R(2)S)(NO(2)). These reactions were conducted in low-temperature porous layered solids formed in a cryostat; however, with excess R(2)S in the atmosphere, the same species are moderately stable at room temperature. Six-coordinate O-nitrito isomers were not observed with the R(2)S proximal ligands, even though DFT calculations for the Fe(P)(DMS)(eta(1)-ONO) and Fe(P)(DMS)(NO(2)) models (P = porphinato dianion, DMS = dimethyl sulfide) show the latter to be only modestly lower energy (approximately 8 kJ/mol) than the former. Leaving this system at room temperature in the presence of excess R(2)S leads eventually to the appearance in the FTIR spectra of the nu(NO) band characteristic of the ferrous nitrosyl Fe(Por)(NO). Concomitantly, the mass spectrum of the gas phase demonstrated the molecular peaks of the sulfoxides R(2)SO, indicating oxygen atom transfer reactivity for the ferric porphryinato complexes of nitrite.

Catalytic dioxygen activation by (nitro)(meso-tetrakis(2-n-methylpyridyl)porphyrinato)cobalt(III) cation derivatives electrostatically immobilized in nafion films: an experimental and DFT investigation.

Complexes of the (nitro)( meso-tetrakis(2- N-methylpyridyl)porphyinato)cobalt(III) cation, [LCoTMpyP(2)(NO 2)] (4+), in which L = water or ethanol have been immobilized through ionic attraction within Nafion films (Naf). These immobilized six-coordinate species, [LCoTMPyP(2)(NO 2)/Naf], have been found to catalyze the oxidation of triphenylphosphine in ethanol solution by dioxygen, therefore retaining the capacity to activate dioxygen catalytically without an additional reducing agent as was previously observed in nonaqueous solution for the non-ionic (nitro)cobalt porphyrin analogs. Heating these immobilized six-coordinate species under vacuum conditions results in the formation of the five-coordinate nitro derivatives, [CoTMPyP(2)(NO 2)/Naf] at 85 degrees C and [CoTMPyP(2)/Naf] at 110 degrees C. The catalytic oxidation of gas-phase cyclohexene with O 2 is supported only by the resulting immobilized five-coordinate nitro complex as was previously seen with the corresponding solution-phase catalyst in dichloromethane solution. The simultaneous catalytic oxidation of triphenylphosphine and cyclohexene with O 2 in the presence of the Nafion-bound six-coordinate ethanol nitro complex is also observed; however, this process is not seen for the CoTPP derivative in dichloromethane solution. The oxidation reactions do not occur with unmodified Nafion film or with Nafion-supported [BrCo(III)TmpyP]/Naf or [Co(II)TmpyP]/Naf, indicating the necessity for the nitro/nitrosyl ligand in the oxidation mechanism. The existence of a second reactive intermediate is indicated because the two simultaneous oxidation reactions depend on two distinct oxygen atom-transfer steps having different reactivity. The absence of homogeneous cyclohexene oxidation by the six-coordinate (H 2O)CoTPP(NO 2) derivatives in the presence of Ph 3P and O 2 in dichloromethane solution indicates that the second reactive intermediate is lost by an unidentified route only in solution, implying that the immobilization of it in Nafion allows it to react with cyclohexene. Although direct observation of this species has not been achieved, a comparitive DFT study of likely intermediates in several catalytic oxidation mechanisms at the BP 6-31G* level supports the possibility that this intermediate is a peroxynitro species on the basis of relative thermodynamic accessibility. The alternate intermediates evaluated include the reduced cobalt(II) porphyrin, the dioxygen adduct cobalt(III)-O 2 (-), the oxidized cobalt(II) pi-cation radical, and the nitrito complex, cobalt(III)-ONO.

Six-Coordinate Nitrato Complexes of Iron(III) Porphyrins

The interaction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with thin films of the nitrato complexes Fe(III)(Por)(eta(2)-O(2)NO) [Por = meso-tetraphenylporphyrinato (TPP) and meso-tetratolylporphyrinato (TTP) dianion] at low temperature leads to the formation of the six-coordinate nitrato complex Fe(Por)(THF)(NO(3)), which was characterized by IR and UV-visible spectroscopies. Formation of the THF adduct was accompanied by nitrate linkage isomerization from bidentate to monodentate coordination. The iron(III) center remains in a high spin state in contrast with the previously observed low-spin nitratonitrosyl complex Fe(TPP)(NO)(eta(10-ONO(2)). Upon warming, THF dissociates to restore the initial five-coordinate bidentate nitrato complex.

Nitrosyl isomerism in amorphous Mn(TPP)(NO) solids

Reaction of NO with amorphous Mn(TPP) layers gives two Mn(TPP)(NO) isomers with linear and bent Mn-N-O geometries that reversibly interconvert with changes in temperature. DFT computations predict that the linear complex is the singlet ground state while the bent structure is a triplet state.

Six-coordinate nitrito and nitrato complexes of manganese porphyrin.

Reaction of small increments of NO2 gas with sublimed amorphous layers of Mn(II)(TPP) (TPP = meso-tetra-phenylporphyrinato dianion) in a vacuum cryostat leads to formation of the 5-coordinate monodentate nitrato complex Mn(III)(TPP)(η(1)-ONO2) (II). This transformation proceeds through the two distinct steps with initial formation of the five coordinate O-nitrito complex Mn(III)(TPP)(η(1)-ONO) (I) as demonstrated by the electronic absorption spectra and by FTIR spectra using differently labeled nitrogen dioxide. A plausible mechanism for the second stage of reaction is offered based on the spectral changes observed upon subsequent interaction of (15)NO2 and NO2 with the layered Mn(TPP). Low-temperature interaction of I and II with the vapors of various ligands L (L = O-, S-, and N-donors) leads to formation of the 6-coordinate O-nitrito Mn(III)(TPP)(L)(η(1)-ONO) and monodentate nitrato Mn(III)(TPP)(L)(η(1)-ONO2) complexes, respectively. Formation of the 6-coordinate O-nitrito complex is accompanied by the shifts of the ν(N═O) band to lower frequency and of the ν(N-O) band to higher frequency. The frequency difference between these bands Δν = ν(N═O) - ν(N-O) is a function of L and is smaller for the stronger bases. Reaction of excess NH3 with I leads to formation of Mn(TPP)(NH3)(η(1)-ONO) and of the cation [Mn(TPP)(NH3)2](+) plus ionic nitrite. The nitrito complexes are relatively unstable, but several of the nitrato species can be observed in the solid state at room temperature. For example, the tetrahydrofuran complex Mn(TPP)(THF)(η(1)-ONO2) is stable in the presence of THF vapors (∼5 mm), but it loses this ligand upon high vacuum pumping at RT. When L = dimethylsulfide (DMS), the nitrato complex is stable only to ∼-30 °C. Reactions of II with the N-donor ligands NH3, pyridine, or 1-methylimidazole are more complex. With these ligands, the nitrato complexes Mn(III)(TPP)(L)(η(1)-ONO2) and the cationic complexes [Mn(TPP)(L)2](+) coexist in the layer at room temperature, the latter formed as a result of NO3(-) displacement when L is in excess.

Electrocatalytic reactions of dioxygen and nitric oxide with reduced (nitrosyl) cobalt porphyrins — cyclic voltammetry and computational chemistry

Water-soluble cationic cobalt(tetra(N-methyl-pyridyl)porphyrins, CoTMpyP(4) and CoTMpyP(2) and the β-pyrrole octabrominated derivative CoTMpyP(4)Br8 have been studied by cyclic voltammetry under aqueous aerobic conditions at pH of 4.0 with and without addition of nitrite to explore their ability to catalyze the reduction of dioxygen. The porphyrins and their nitro/nitrosyl derivatives were studied in aqueous acetate buffer solution at a solid silver electrode and then also as they were immobilized in Nafion® film loaded with silver nanoparticles which provided electrical conductivity. Under these reducing conditions with nitrite in solution, coordinated nitrite appears to undergo an oxo-transfer/reduction reaction resulting in the formation of the nitrosyl ligand. The reaction of the nitrosyl complex allows a short-lived electrocatalytic reduction reaction with dioxygen before NO is lost from the complex by dissociation. The thermodynamics of the reactions and possible catalytic intermediates in the reduction of dioxygen were studied by DFT (BP/6-31G*) computations. An unusual N-bound cyclic NO3- structure was obtained in the optimized geometries for the product of reduced nitrosyl porphyrins and dioxygen in the model complexes and for [CoTMpyP(2)(NO-O2)]-. These structures are tentatively proposed to represent an intermediate in the mechanism of activation of dioxygen in catalytic reduction. DFT (BP/6-31G*) computations were also applied to probe thermodynamics and intermediates in the known catalytic reduction of NO to N2O by the reduced porphyrin under anaerobic conditions. Thermodynamics estimates suggest that reduction occurs through coordinated NO in the reduced porphyrin species similar to cytochrome P450nor (nitric oxide reductase), but the detailed mechanism is not clear.

Six-Coordinate Nitrosyl and Nitro Complexes of meso-Tetratolylporphyrinatocobalt with Trans Sulfur-Donor Ligands

By Fourier transform infrared and optical spectroscopy, it has been observed that interactions of dimethyl sulfide and tetrahydrothiophene with nitrosyl and nitro complexes of meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinatocobalt [Co(TTP)] lead to the formation of previously unknown six-coordinate species. Nitrosyl complexes of the general formula (S-donor)Co(TTP)(NO) are thermally unstable and can be seen only at low temperatures both in the solid state and in solution. The nitro complexes (S-donor)Co(TTP)(NO(2)) are fairly stable at room temperature in the solid state but partly decompose upon dissolution. The binding constants for these complexation reactions were determined. In contrast to the solid-state iron nitritoporphyrin complexes, oxo-transfer reactions from the coordinated nitro group of Co(TTP)(NO(2)) to the S donors, resulting in oxidation of these sulfides and the formation of Co(TTP)(NO), were not observed.