Timothy A. Garvey

Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit. A prospective, randomized study.

BACKGROUND To our knowledge, a prospective, randomized study comparing operative and nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture in patients without a neurological deficit has never been performed. Our hypothesis was that operative treatment would lead to superior long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS From 1994 to 1998, forty-seven consecutive patients (thirty-two men and fifteen women) with a stable thoracolumbar burst fracture and no neurological deficit were randomized to one of two treatment groups: operative (posterior or anterior arthrodesis and instrumentation) or nonoperative treatment (application of a body cast or orthosis). Radiographs and computed tomography scans were analyzed for sagittal alignment and canal compromise. All patients completed a questionnaire to assess any disability they may have had before the injury, and they indicated the degree of pain at the time of presentation with use of a visual analog scale. The average duration of follow-up was forty-four months (minimum, twenty-four months). After treatment, patients indicated the degree of pain with use of the visual analog scale and they completed the Roland and Morris disability questionnaire, the Oswestry back-pain questionnaire, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. RESULTS In the operative group (twenty-four patients), the average fracture kyphosis was 10.1 degrees at the time of admission and 13 degrees at the final follow-up evaluation. The average canal compromise was 39% on admission, and it improved to 22% at the final follow-up examination. In the nonoperative group (twenty-three patients), the average kyphosis was 11.3 degrees at the time of admission and 13.8 degrees at the final follow-up examination after treatment. The average canal compromise was 34% at the time of admission and improved to 19% at the final follow-up examination. On the basis of the numbers available, no significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to return to work. The average pain scores at the time of the latest follow-up were similar for both groups. The preinjury scores were similar for both groups; however, at the time of the final follow-up, those who were treated nonoperatively reported less disability. Final scores on the SF-36 and Oswestry questionnaires were similar for the two groups, although certain trends favored those treated without surgery. Complications were more frequent in the operative group. CONCLUSION We found that operative treatment of patients with a stable thoracolumbar burst fracture and normal findings on the neurological examination provided no major long-term advantage compared with nonoperative treatment.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Thoracic Spine. Evaluation of Asymptomatic Individuals (

We reviewed magnetic resonance imaging studies of the thoracic spines of ninety asymptomatic individuals to determine the prevalence of abnormal anatomical findings. This group included sixty individuals who had no history of any thoracic or lumbar pain and thirty individuals who had a history of low-back pain only. In addition, we reviewed imaging studies of eighteen patients who had an operatively proved herniation of a thoracic disc and studies of thirty-one patients who had been seen with thoracic pain. Sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo and axial multiplanar gradient refocused images at each disc level were interpreted by us (two neuroradiologists and two orthopaedic spine surgeons); we had no clinical information about the patients. Sixty-six (73 percent) of the ninety asymptomatic individuals had positive anatomical findings at one level or more. These findings included herniation of a disc in thirty-three subjects (37 percent), bulging of a disc in forty-eight (53 percent), an annular tear in fifty-two (58 percent), deformation of the spinal cord in twenty-six (29 percent), and Scheuermann end-plate irregularities or kyphosis in thirty-four (38 percent). This study documents the high prevalence of anatomical irregularities, including herniation of a disc and deformation of the spinal cord, on the magnetic resonance images of the thoracic spine in asymptomatic individuals. We emphasize that these findings represent roentgenographic abnormalities only, and any clinical decisions concerning the treatment of pain in the thoracic spine usually require additional studies.

Can c7 plumbline and gravity line predict health related quality of life in adult scoliosis

Study Design. This study prospectively evaluated the health related quality of life (HRQOL) of 73 adults presenting with scoliosis at a single institution, as related to their spinal (C7 plumbline) and global (gravity line) balance. Objective. To assess the influence of sagittal and coronal balance on HRQOL in adult scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. Many surgeons believe that achieving adequate spinal balance is important in the management of adult spinal deformity, but the evidence supporting this concept remains limited. A previous study has found weak correlations between sagittal spinal balance and HRQOL in adult spinal deformity, but this finding has never been confirmed independently. In addition, although the use of the gravity line is gaining interest in the evaluation of global balance, it remains unknown if this parameter is associated with HRQOL. Methods. During a 1-year period, 73 consecutive new patients presenting with unoperated adult scoliosis and requiring full spine standing radiographs were evaluated using a force plate in order to simultaneously assess the gravity line. All patients also completed the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire to assess the HRQOL. Spinal balance was evaluated from the C7 plumbline and global balance from the gravity line, respectively. C7 plumbline and gravity line were both assessed with respect to the posterosuperior corner of the S1 vertebral body and central sacral vertebral line in the sagittal and coronal plane, respectively. C7 plumbline and gravity line, as well as their relative position, were correlated with the ODI, using Spearman coefficients. Results. Sagittal spinal (C7 plumbline) and global (gravity line) balance, as well as their relative position were significantly related to the ODI. A poor ODI (>34) was associated with a sagittal C7 plumbline greater than 6 cm, a sagittal gravity line greater than 6 cm, and a C7 plumbline in front of the gravity line. Correlations between coronal balance and the ODI were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Sagittal spinal and global balance was strongly related to the ODI in adults with scoliosis. The observed correlation coefficients were higher than those reported in the only previous study suggesting the detrimental association of positive sagittal balance on ODI in adult spinal deformity. Coronal spinal and global balance did not influence the ODI in the current study cohort. Thisstudy underlines the relevance of C7 plumbline and gravity line in the evaluation of spinal and global balance, and lends further support to the philosophy of achieving adequate sagittal balance in the management of adult spinal deformity, especially in patients older than 50 years old with degenerative scoliosis.

Complications in long fusions to the sacrum for adult scoliosis: minimum five-year analysis of fifty patients.

Study Design. A retrospective study of complications with minimal 5-year follow-up of 50 adults with scoliosis with fusion from T10 or higher to S1. Objectives. To document the perioperative and long-term complications and instrumentation problems, and to attempt to determine variables which may influence these problems. It is not a study of curve correction, balance, or functional outcome. Summary of Background Data. Several previous studies from this and other centers have shown a relatively high complication rate for this select group of patients. Various fusion techniques (anterior, posterior, autograft, allograft), various instrumentation techniques, and various immobilization techniques have created confusion as to the best methodology to employ. Minimal 2-year follow-ups have been standard, but longer follow-ups have shown additional problems. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 50 adult patients from a single center who had undergone corrective scoliosis surgery from T10 or higher to the sacrum and who had at least a 5-year minimum follow-up. The mean age was 54 years (range, 18–72), and the mean follow-up was 9.7 years (range, 5–26). All radiographs, office charts, and hospital charts were combed by an independent investigator for complications, which were divided into major and minor, as well as early, intermediate and late. The curvature values and corrections were the subject of a different article, and were not included in this study. Results. There were no deaths or spinal cord injuries. Six patients had nerve root complications, 4 of which totally recovered. Pseudarthrosis was seen in 24% of the patients, only 25% of which were detected within the 2-year follow-up period. Pseudarthrosis was most common at the lumbosacral level. There was no statistical difference in the pseudarthrosis rate between patients with sacral-only fixation versus iliac fixation. Painful implants requiring removal were noted in 11 of the 50 patients. Conclusion. Long fusions to the sacrum in adults with scoliosis continue to have a high complication rate. As compared to the original publications in the 1980s (Kostuik and Hall, Spine 1983;8:489–500; Balderston et al, Spine 1986;11:824–9) the more recent articles have shown a reduction, but not elimination of the pseudarthrosis problem using segmental instrumentation and anterior fusion of the lumbar spine coupled with structural interbody grafting at L4–L5 and L5–S1. Two-year follow-up is inadequate as pseudarthrosis and painful implants often are detected later. Only 3 of the 12 patients with pseudarthrosis were detected within the first 2 years after surgery.

Anterior decompression, structural bone grafting, and Caspar plate stabilization for unstable cervical spine fractures and/or dislocations.

Fourteen patients who sustained acute cervical spine fractures and/or dislocations with associated posterior ligamentous disruption had anterior decompressoions, structural bone grafting, and anterior Caspar plate stabilization. Whit an average 30–month follow–up, no patient has had loss of fixation. Despite criticism raised from biomechanical testing, the Caspar anterior plate system (Aesculape, Tuttlingen, Germany) may be added to structural bone grafting of unstable cervical fractures and/or dislocations, Yielding an in vivosolid construct, which obviates the need for simultaneous posterior stabilization.

The natural history of asymptomatic thoracic disc herniations.

Study Design. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the natural history of asymptomatic thoracic disc herniations. Objectives. To determine whether thoracic disc herniations change in size over time. Summary of Background Data. Based on previous work by the authors of the present study, the incidence of asymptomatic thoracic disc herniations is approximately 37%. The natural history of thoracic disc herniations is unknown. The natural history of lumbar and cervical disc herniations in symptomatic individuals who become asymptomatic has been shown in multiple studies frequently to result in a decrease in size of the herniation. Methods. Twenty patients with 48 asymptomatic thoracic herniations previously diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging underwent repeat magnetic resonance imaging using sagittal T1‐weighted spine echo and axial multiplanar gradient refocused images at each thoracic disc level from T1 to T12 for a mean follow‐up period of 26 months. Midsagittal canal diameter was recorded, and disc herniation square area was measured using a computer‐assisted digitizing program. Disc herniations were categorized according to percentage of canal compromise. The change in size of the disc herniations over time was analyzed. Results. All patients remained asymptomatic during the follow‐up period. A total of 48 disc herniations were identified from the original magnetic resonance images. There were 21 small (0–10% canal compromise) disc herniations, 20 medium (>10–20%) disc herniations, and seven large (>20%) disc herniations. Of the 21 small disc herniations, 18 showed no significant change in size, whereas three showed a measurable increase in size. Of the 20 medium‐sized disc herniations, 16 showed either a small or no change in size, one showed a significant increase in size, and three showed a significant decrease in size. Of the seven large disc herniations, three demonstrated no change in size, and four demonstrated a significant decrease in size. In addition, five new disc herniations were detected in four patients; one was small, and four were moderate in size. Conclusions. Based on the results of this study, the authors believe that asymptomatic disc herniations may well exist in a state of relative flux, yet exhibit little change in size and remain asymptomatic. There was a trend, however, for small disc herniations either to remain unchanged or increase in size and for large disc herniations often to decrease in size.

Prospective study of postoperative lumbar epidural hematoma: incidence and risk factors.

Study Design. Prospective clinical series. Objective. To determine the incidence, volume, and extent of postoperative epidural hematoma resulting in thecal sac compression, and to identify risk factors correlated with measured hematoma volumes. Summary of Background Data. Risk factors for postoperative hematoma development have been retrospectively determined in small populations of symptomatic patients. A prospective study of hematoma characteristics and associated risk factors in a consecutive series of patients could significantly enhance our understanding of postoperative hematoma. Methods. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data on 13 pre- and intraoperative risk factors were prospectively collected on 50 consecutive patients undergoing lumbar decompression surgery with or without fusion. Postoperative magnetic resonance imagings were performed within 2 to 5 days of surgery. Thecal sac cross-sectional area was calculated at each disc space. Relative thecal sac compression due to hematoma was calculated at all levels where postoperative cross-sectional area was smaller than preoperative. Hematoma volumes were calculated. Multivariate analysis identified risk factors associated with postoperative hematoma volume. Results. After decompression, 58% of patients developed epidural hematoma of sufficient magnitude to compress the thecal sac beyond its preoperative state at one or more levels. None developed new postoperative neurologic deficits. A mean of 1.4 levels were decompressed. Hematoma extended over a mean of 1.9 levels. Maximal thecal sac compression due to hematoma occurred at an adjacent, nondecompressed level in 28% of patients. Multivariate analysis found age greater than 60, multilevel procedures, and preoperative international normalized ratio to be associated with larger hematoma volumes. Conclusion. Lumbar decompression surgery results in a 58% incidence of asymptomatic compressive postoperative epidural hematoma. Adjacent level compression by hematoma occurs in 28% of patients. Advanced age, multilevel procedures, and international normalized ratio are independently associated with postoperative hematoma volume.

Lumbar Fusion Results Related to Diagnosis

Study Design. Pain outcome and functional outcome after primary lumbar fusion surgery were determined by a self‐assessment questionnaire. The responses were correlated with various clinical parameters. Objectives. To determine the result of fusion surgery among patients in various diagnostic groups using semiquantitative outcome scales. Summary of Background Data. Most previous studies on the results of primary lumbar fusion have reported the presence of pain, but few have addressed function outcomes. Results of a literature review were inconclusive as to whether a patients diagnosis is a predictor of improved results. Methods. During the 3‐year period from 1988 to 1990, 165 patients underwent a primary lumbar fusion procedure. They had a chart and radiograph review and were categorized into five major diagnostic groups: 1) pediatric, 2) grade I‐II spondylolisthesis (low‐slip), 3) grade III‐IV spondylolisthesis (high‐slip), 4) degenerative disc disease, and 5) postdiscectomy. At a follow‐up period of 5 years (mean) after the fusion, patients were mailed a questionnaire in which they described their pain and functional status before and after their lumbar fusion surgery. Questionnaires were returned by 92% of the patients. The questionnaire scores, complications, and revision procedures were grouped by patient diagnosis and analyzed. Results. Patient satisfaction with the results of primary lumbar fusion ranged from 69% (for the postdiscectomy group) to 100% (for the pediatric and high‐slip groups). For all diagnostic groups, lumbar fusion resulted in a significant decrease in back pain and leg pain (visual analog scale), which was maintained throughout the follow‐up period. For back pain, the pediatric and high‐slip groups showed significantly more improvement than the degenerative disc disease or postdiscectomy groups. Leg pain among patients in the pediatric and high‐slip groups was significantly more improved than leg pain among patients in the low‐slip, degenerative disc disease, or postdiscectomy groups. There was no deterioration of pain scores during the follow‐up period. After fusion, all groups had a significant decrease in Oswestry disability scores; patients in the pediatric and high‐slip group had significantly more improvement than patients in the degenerative disc disease or postdiscectomy groups. High‐ and low‐slip groups had a significant improvement in their pain drawing score. Medication use was substantially reduced in all groups. After fusion, a lack of improvement in back pain score or disability score was significantly correlated with pseudarthrosis. Conclusions. The outcome of primary lumbar fusion surgery was decreased pain and increased function for the majority of patients in all five diagnostic categories. The amount of improvement varied by diagnostic group. Patients with developmental conditions showed greater improvement than patients with degenerative conditions.

Fungal infections of the spine. Report of eleven patients with long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND Fungal infections of the spine are noncaseating, acid-fast-negative infections that occur primarily as opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. We analyzed eleven patients with spinal osteomyelitis caused by a fungus, and we developed suggestions for treatment. METHODS All patients with a fungal infection of the spine treated by the authors over a sixteen-year period at three teaching institutions were evaluated. There was a total of eleven patients. Medical records and roentgenograms were available for every patient. Long-term follow-up of the nine surviving patients was performed by direct examination by the authors or by the patients primary physician. RESULTS For ten of the eleven patients, the average delay in the diagnosis was ninety-nine days. Nine patients were immunocompromised secondary to diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid use, chemotherapy for a tumor, or malnutrition. The sources of the spinal infections included direct implantation from trauma (one patient), hematogenous spread (four patients), and local extension (two patients). The infection followed elective spine surgery in three patients, and the cause was unknown in one. Paralysis secondary to the spine infection developed in eight patients. Ten patients were treated with surgical debridement. All eleven patients were treated with systemic antifungal medications for a minimum of six weeks. One patient died of generalized sepsis at thirty-three days, and another patient died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage at five months. After an average of 6.3 years of follow-up, the infection had resolved in all nine surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of fungal spondylitis is often delayed because of difficulty with the diagnosis. Delay in the diagnosis led to poorer results in terms of neurologic recovery in our study. Performing fungal cultures whenever a spinal infection is suspected might hasten the diagnosis. Patients should be given a guarded prognosis and informed of the many possible complications of the disease.

Thoracic discography in healthy individuals : A controlled prospective study of magnetic resonance imaging and discography in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals

STUDY DESIGN A prospective case-control investigation. OBJECTIVES To determine the responses to thoracic discography of asymptomatic individuals. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Literature regarding lumbar and cervical discography reveals that even morphologically abnormal discs often are not painful, whereas painful discs typically exhibit anular or endplate disruption. METHODS Ten adult lifelong asymptomatic volunteers, ages 23 to 45 years, underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine, followed by four-level discography. Provocative responses were graded on a scale of 0 (no sensation) to 10 (extreme pain or pressure), and filmed discs were graded using a modified Dallas scheme. Concomitantly, 10 nonlitigious adults (6 men and 4 women, ages 31 to 55 years) experiencing chronic thoracic pain were similarly studied as a control group. RESULTS The mean pain response in the asymptomatic volunteers was 2.4/10. Three discs were intensely painful (scores of 7/10, 8/10, 10/10), with all three exhibiting prominent endplate irregularities and anular tears typical of thoracolumbar Scheuermanns disease. On discography, 27 of 40 discs were abnormal, with endplate irregularities, anular tears, and/or herniations. Ten discs read as normal on magnetic resonance imaging showed anular pathology on discography. In the group with chronic thoracic pain, the average pain response was 6.3/10 (P < 0.05). Of the 48 discs studied, 24 were concordantly painful, with a pain response of 8.5/10 (P < 0.05); 17 had nonconcordant pain/pressure, with an average pain of 4.8/10 (P < 0.05); and 5 had no response. On magnetic resonance imaging 21 of the 48 discs appeared normal. However, on discography, only 10 were judged as normal. CONCLUSIONS On discography, thoracic discs with prominent Schmorls nodes may be intensely painful, even in lifelong asymptomatic individuals, but the pain is unfamiliar or nonconcordant. Thoracic discography may-demonstrate disc pathology not seen on magnetic resonance imaging.