Tom Bottomore

A dictionary of Marxist thought

Preface. List of Contributors. Editors Introduction to the New Edition. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. . Bibliography. Index

Karl Marx : early writings

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Classes in modern society

The Nature of Social Class Classes in Modern Capitalism Class, Classlessness and Socialism Social Class, Politics and Culture The Future of Social Classes.

The Philosophy of Money.

Acknowledgements Foreword to The Routledge Classics Edition Preface to the Third Edition Introduction to the Translation Analytical Part 1. Value and Money 2. The Value of Money as Substance 3. Money in the Sequence of Purposes Synthetic Part 4. Individual Freedom 5. The Money Equivalent of Personal Values 6. the Style of Life Appendix: The Constitution of the Text

The Socialist Economy: Theory and Practice.

Examines both the ideas and practical experiences which have influenced present-day conceptions of how a socialist economy should be organized and managed.

Is rivalry rational

RIVALRY AND CENTRAL PLANNING: THE SOCIALIST CALCULATION DEBATE RECONSIDERED by Don Lavoie. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 208 pp.,

Sociology: Marxist and Other

34.95.

Marxism Against Sociology

There are numerous reasons for approaching with great caution, and even scepticism, an attempt to portray Marxism as a distinctive system of sociology. First, as the earlier discussion should have made clear, Marxism itself is far from being a homogeneous or unified body of thought. The controversies which have taken place during the past hundred years have produced very diverse interpretations and even ‘schools’ of Marxist thought. There is a major division between those who conceive of Marxism as a philosophical world view, or a philosophy of history, and those who conceive of it primarily as a general social science, or sociology; but there are still many differences of opinion within each of these broad conceptions — about the basic ideas of the Marxist system, about the interpretation of particular forms of society or historical events, and about the relation of a Marxist analysis to the choice of political action in any given set of circumstances.

Marxism as Sociology

The reaction against the conception of Marxism as a positive science was affected by intellectual trends but also by political circumstances. As Stuart Hughes has observed,1 the revolt against positivism had already developed strongly during the decade of the 1890s, and its influence soon extended to Marxist thought. Croce, even during the brief period of his interest in Marxism, had conceived it as a method of historical interpretation, profoundly connected with Hegel’s philosophy, and not as a general social science. Sorel, after initially taking the side of Bernstein in the ‘revisionist’ controversy,2 later presented Marxism as the theory of revolutionary syndicalism,3 but there was always a certain consistency in his view. What he praised in Bernstein’s work was not only the effort to observe and describe the real world, but also its activist orientation, its invitation to socialists to play a ‘truly effective role’ in the world, and above all its emphasis on the moral element in socialism. For Sorel was always critical of the idea of historical inevitability, and argued that socialism is primarily a moral doctrine, bringing to the world ‘a new manner of judging all human acts’ or, to use Nietzsche’s expression, ‘a transvaluation of all values’; it ‘confronts the bourgeois world as an irreconcilable adversary, threatening it with a moral catastrophe much more than with a material catastrophe’.4

Citizenship and Social Class

In the period from Marx’s death in 1883 to the outbreak of the First World War Marxism developed mainly in the form of a science of society. This orientation (although, as I indicated, it could find support in Marx’s own views) was imparted above all by Engels, and it is clearly expressed in his ‘Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx’, in the claim that: ’Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history.’ Engels’ version of the theory, which was largely accepted by Kautsky, then became, under the name of ‘scientific socialism’, the orthodox doctrine of German Social Democracy and of the Second International.