Tom Tong Lee

Platform for Induction and Maintenance of Transgene-free hiPSCs Resembling Ground State Pluripotent Stem Cells

Summary Cell banking, disease modeling, and cell therapy applications have placed increasing demands on hiPSC technology. Specifically, the high-throughput derivation of footprint-free hiPSCs and their expansion in systems that allow scaled production remains technically challenging. Here, we describe a platform for the rapid, parallel generation, selection, and expansion of hiPSCs using small molecule pathway inhibitors in stage-specific media compositions. The platform supported efficient and expedited episomal reprogramming using just OCT4/SOX2/SV40LT combination (0.5%–4.0%, between days 12 and 16) in a completely feeder-free environment. The resulting hiPSCs are transgene-free, readily cultured, and expanded as single cells while maintaining a homogeneous and genomically stable pluripotent population. hiPSCs generated or maintained in the media compositions described exhibit properties associated with the ground state of pluripotency. The simplicity and robustness of the system allow for the high-throughput generation and rapid expansion of a uniform hiPSC product that is applicable to industrial and clinical-grade use.

Myogenic Differentiation of Muscular Dystrophy-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Use in Drug Discovery

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a scalable source of potentially any cell type for disease modeling and therapeutic screening. We have a particular interest in modeling skeletal muscle from various genetic backgrounds; however, efficient and reproducible methods for the myogenic differentiation of iPSCs have not previously been demonstrated. Ectopic myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) expression has been shown to induce myogenesis in primary cell types, but the same effect has been unexpectedly challenging to reproduce in human iPSCs. In this study, we report that optimization of culture conditions enabled direct MyoD‐mediated differentiation of iPSCs into myoblasts without the need for an intermediate step or cell sorting. MyoD induction mediated efficient cell fusion of mature myocytes yielding multinucleated myosin heavy chain‐positive myotubes. We applied the same approach to dystrophic iPSCs, generating 16 iPSC lines from fibroblasts of four patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. As seen with iPSCs from healthy donors, within 36 hours from MyoD induction there was a clear commitment toward the myogenic identity by the majority of iPSCs in culture (50%–70%). The patient iPSC‐derived myotubes successfully adopted the skeletal muscle program, as determined by global gene expression profiling, and were functionally responsive to treatment with hypertrophic proteins insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and wingless‐type MMTV integration site family, member 7A (Wnt7a), which are being investigated as potential treatments for muscular dystrophy in clinical and preclinical studies, respectively. Our results demonstrate that iPSCs have no intrinsic barriers preventing MyoD from inducing efficient and rapid myogenesis and thus providing a scalable source of normal and dystrophic myoblasts for use in disease modeling and drug discovery.

Cardiotrophin 1 stimulates beneficial myogenic and vascular remodeling of the heart

The post-natal heart adapts to stress and overload through hypertrophic growth, a process that may be pathologic or beneficial (physiologic hypertrophy). Physiologic hypertrophy improves cardiac performance in both healthy and diseased individuals, yet the mechanisms that propagate this favorable adaptation remain poorly defined. We identify the cytokine cardiotrophin 1 (CT1) as a factor capable of recapitulating the key features of physiologic growth of the heart including transient and reversible hypertrophy of the myocardium, and stimulation of cardiomyocyte-derived angiogenic signals leading to increased vascularity. The capacity of CT1 to induce physiologic hypertrophy originates from a CK2-mediated restraining of caspase activation, preventing the transition to unrestrained pathologic growth. Exogenous CT1 protein delivery attenuated pathology and restored contractile function in a severe model of right heart failure, suggesting a novel treatment option for this intractable cardiac disease.

Abstract 3576: FT500, an off-the-shelf NK cell cancer immunotherapy derived from a master pluripotent cell line, enhances T-cell activation and recruitment to overcome checkpoint blockade resistance

The development of PD1/PDL1 targeting checkpoint inhibitors (CI) has transformed the oncology landscape, providing long term remissions in multiple indications. However, many tumor subtypes are resistant to checkpoint blockade therapy, and relapse remains a significant concern. Novel therapeutic approaches with the ability to overcome CI resistance are needed, and there is significant opportunity for therapies capable of additively or synergistically enhancing T-cell activation and recruitment when combined with CI. Adoptive transfer of NK cells from healthy donors has the potential to recruit T cells to the tumor microenvironment and augment T-cell activation at the tumor site. NK cells have both direct anti-tumor activity and the capacity to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon activation, enabling the cells to play a unique and critical role in regulating anti-tumor T cell activity. We sought to determine whether FT500, an off-the-shelf NK cell product derived from a clonal master pluripotent cell line, could synergize with CI to relieve local immunosuppression and enhance T-cell activation and recruitment to the tumor site. FT500 is universally negative for cell surface PD1, and expression of PDL1 on tumor lines had no discernable effect on FT500 cytotoxicity. Similarly, addition of PDL1 blocking antibody had no effect on FT500 cytotoxicity or degranulation, suggesting that FT500 is inherently resistant to PDL1-PD1 mediated inhibition. Additionally, activation of FT500 induced the secretion of soluble factors capable of enhancing T-cell activation, as evidenced by increased upregulation of CD69. We hypothesized that FT500 might also enhance CI by promoting recruitment of T cells to the tumor site. Using conventional in vitro transwell migration assays, we found that FT500 produced soluble factors that promoted the migration of activated T cells. Additional profiling confirmed FT500 production of a range of chemokines, including CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10 and CCL22. Furthermore, using an in vivo recruitment model, FT500 was able to recruit T cells out of the circulation and into the peritoneal cavity. Similarly, utilizing a three-dimensional tumor spheroid model in vitro, infiltration of T cells into tumor spheroids was significantly enhanced when combined with FT500, suggesting that FT500 can enhance tumor infiltration of T cells. Our data suggest that FT500 is a potent producer of chemokines and can facilitate the recruitment of T cells to the tumor site. In addition to its direct cytotoxic potential, FT500 is also able to enhance T-cell activation, suggesting an ability to synergize with CI to reduce tumor burden. Together, our data provide evidence supporting the combination of FT500, an off-the-shelf NK cell cancer immunotherapy, with CI to overcome checkpoint blockade resistance. Citation Format: Ryan Bjordahl, Sajid Mahmood, Svetlana Gaidarova, Ramzey Abujarour, Raedun Clarke, Laurel Stokely, Paul Rogers, Moyar Ge, Megan Robinson, Betsy Rezner, Tom Tong Lee, Bahram Valamehr. FT500, an off-the-shelf NK cell cancer immunotherapy derived from a master pluripotent cell line, enhances T-cell activation and recruitment to overcome checkpoint blockade resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3576.

Abstract 609: Overcoming host histocompatibility barrier to create a renewable source of off-the-shelf effector lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy

Using epitope scanning of 272 short, synthetic peptides representing the amino acid sequence of the CB-11 peptide of type II collagen, we have shown that five strains of rat, immunized with type II collagen, produce antibodies to a region 37-45 amino acids from the amino end of CB-11 peptide. Antibodies to this region always gave the highest binding values suggesting that it is an immunodominant region. Wistar rats immunized with a synthetic peptide representing this region, coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin, produced antibodies to this peptide which could still be detected at 1:4000 to 1:8000 dilution but none developed clinical arthritis. All sera also showed binding of antibodies to denatured bovine type II collagen but not to native type II collagen, keyhole limpet haemocyanin or to bovine serum albumin by ELISA. Sera from peptide-immunized rats were examined for antibody binding to the 272 short peptides of the CB-11 peptide and to the synthetic peptides representing shortened forms of the immunodominant region and forms of it with substituted amino acids. These results showed that the antibodies in the peptide-immunized rats were not identical to those produced to that peptide by rats immunized with type II collagen but may represent subpopulations of them. These findings suggest caution in interpreting the role of antibodies to individual peptides in arthritis induction without knowledge of their fine specificity.