Toshiro Miyauchi

Computerized EEG in Schizophrenic patients

We undertook a study of electroencephalograms (EEGs) in 30 right-handed, untreated patients (27.3 +/- 10.0 years; hebephrenic, 16; paranoid, 12; residual, 2) who fulfilled ICD-9 criteria for schizophrenia and compared them with sex- and age-matched controls by using the percentage of power in six EEG frequency bands calculated as a fraction of total power. T-statistic significance probability mapping (t-SPM) showed that, compared with normal controls, schizophrenics had more slow activity (delta, theta, and alpha 1) in the parieto-occipital regions, and more fast activity (beta 1) in the occipital regions. In contrast, alpha 2 activity decreased strikingly in the occipital regions and this decreased activity extended over much of the head. These findings were thought to indicate both cerebral hypofunction and excitability in acute untreated schizophrenia.

Three subtypes of chronic schizophrenia identified using 11C-glucose positron emission tomography

The authors used positron computed tomography (CT) and 11C-labeled glucose to measure brain glucose utilization in 20 chronic schizophrenic patients (18 men, 2 women, mean age 38) and 5 male control subjects (mean age 38). Positron emission tomography (PET) revealed at least three subtypes: hypofrontal (type A), hypoparietal (right-sided disturbance in right-handed and left-sided disturbance in left-handed patients) (type B), and normal (type C). The significant count reduction in the frontal lobe (Brodmanns area 10) in type A patients was 38%, while that in the parietal lobe (Brodmanns area 40) in type B patients was 26% in each lobe of the brain.

Quantitative EEG in patients with presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type

EEG data obtained from 27 patients with presenile Alzheimers disease (AD) and 28 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were compared with data from 30 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Both patient groups exhibited more pronounced delta and theta activity and less prominent alpha and beta activity than the controls. AD, however, was accompanied by more severe slowing than SDAT. The slowing was distributed in the left temporal and frontal regions in AD, and bilaterally in the frontal regions in SDAT. As the severity of the dementia increased, delta activity alone increased in AD, whereas, there were significantly greater increases in both delta and theta activity and decreases in alpha and beta activity in SDAT. These EEG differences appear to be related to the degree of brain damage and the speed of progression of the disease process.

Computerized analysis of EEG background activity in epileptic patients

Summary: Background activity was studied in 128 idiopathic epilepsy patients and 30 normal controls using EEG topography and t‐statistic significance probability mapping (t‐SPM). In epileptic patients, EEG background activity showed a marked increase in delta, theta, alpha, and beta, and a decrease in alpha2 activity as compared with controls. Untreated epileptic patients had a significant increase in delta, theta, and alpha, as compared with controls. For epileptic patients treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the most marked slowing was observed in the polytherapy group, followed by the monotherapy group and then the untreated group. Among seizure types, patients with partial seizures (PS) tended to exhibit more slowing than patients with only generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (GTC). Moreover, PS had a right‐left asymmetry in alpha2 and beta1 activities. In a comparison of AEDs, patients receiving carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenobarbital (PB) showed no significant difference as compared with the untreated group. In contrast, patients receiving valproate (VPA) showed a decrease in slow and fast activities. EEG changes associated with each AED were different in GTC and PS. Patients receiving VPA for GTC showed a decrease in theta and beta, activities, but those with PS showed a decrease only in delta activity.

Statistics on Deliveries of Mothers with Epilepsy at Yokohama City University Hospital

Summary:  Purpose: To survey and summarize the treatment of pregnant women with epilepsy and to obtain data for the improvement of daily treatment regimens.

Computerized electroencephalogram in untreated schizophrenics: A comparison between disorganized and paranoid types

Abstract Computerized electroencephalogram (CEEG) data were obtained from 30 patients with the disorganized type and 20 patients with the paranoid type of acute untreated schizophrenia and compared with data from age‐ and sex‐matched controls. All patients with acute untreated schizophrenia exhibited more pronounced delta, theta, alpha1 and beta1 activity and less prominent alpha2 activity than the control subjects. These findings support previous studies, and indicate the coexistence of cerebral hypofunction and excitability in acute schizophrenic patients. Compared with the controls, patients with disorganized type schizophrenia had significant increases in theta and beta1 and decreases in alpha2 activities; but a significant increase in delta and alpha1 activities in the posterior regions and beta2 activity in the frontal regions of the brain. Patients with paranoid type schizophrenia showed significantly increased delta activity in the posterior regions, increased alpha1 activity in the anterior regions and decreased alpha2 activity in both these regions. In the paranoid type, however, there was no significant finding for the theta, beta1 and beta2 activities. Disorganized type schizophrenics exhibited more increased theta and decreased alpha2 activity than patients with paranoid type schizophrenia. The CEEG differences between the disorganized and the paranoid types appear to reflect different clinical entities and may help to differentiate both schizophrenias.

Positron Emission Tomography in Three Cases of Lennox‐Gastaut Syndrome

Abstract: The true responsible lesion of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome was not adequately elucidated. Three cases of this syndrome were investigated by using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). PET revealed the differences in the left right sides, especially the hypometabolism from the frontal to temporal regions.

Computerized EEG and brain imaging studies in untreated schizophrenic patients: a report of seven cases.

Abstract: We undertook routine EEG, Z‐map, CT and PET scans in seven acute untreated schizophrenics. Routine EEGs showed slower activity in only one case. However, the Z‐map showed slower activity in all the cases. CT demonstrated brain atrophy in three of the cases, and PET revealed hypofrontality in two, right hypoparietality in four, and both conditions in one case. There was no relation between CT and PET or the Z‐map. However, a significant increase in alpha 1 activity was demonstrated on the Z‐map in cases who were found to be the parietal type on PET; this was not conspicuous in the frontal type on PET. Moreover, in three of the patients, the Z‐map findings were similar to the lesion indicated on PET.

Psychotic symptoms, epilepsy, mental retardation, and brain malformation in a patient with 45,XO/46,XX mosaicism: Detection of mutation of ARX molecule

© 2007 The Authors Journal compilation

Case Study of Experimental Effect of Lactulose on Epileptic Patient with Hyperammonemia

Since Coulterl reported a case of hyperammonemia caused by sodium valproate in 1980, it has recently been discussed that hyperammonemia is caused by antiepileptics and not by sodium valproate6 and is frequently observed among severe epileptic pat i e n t ~ . ~ There are many theories about the cause and mechanism of hyperammonemia, for example, the disturbance of activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I,4 and the disturbed production of urea in the mitochondria2 and in the urea cycle.5 Nevertheless, no theory has yet been documented. Concerning the therapy of hyperammonemia, the only alternative is for a decrease in the intake of antiepi1eptiw6 We tried a dose of lactulose, a medicine for hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia, by oral administration to epileptic patients with hyperammonemia and examined the change in the venous blood ammonia concentration of the patients.