Toshiyuki Shiozawa

Correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in the human head due to handset antennas

This paper attempts to correlate the maximum temperature increase in the head and brain with the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) value due to handset antennas. The rationale for this study is that physiological effects and damage to humans through electromagnetic-wave exposure are induced by temperature increases, while the safety standards are regulated in terms of the local peak SAR. For investigating these correlations thoroughly, the total of 660 situations is considered. The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of statistics. We find that the maximum temperature increases in the head and brain can be estimated in terms of peak SARs averaged over 1 and 10 g of tissue in these regions. These correlations are less affected by the positions, polarizations, and frequencies of a dipole antenna. Also, they are reasonably valid for different antennas and head models. Further, we discuss possible maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for the SAR values prescribed in the safety standards. They are found to be 0.31/spl deg/C and 0.13/spl deg/C for the Federal Communications Commission Standard (1.6 W/kg for 1 g of tissue), while 0.60/spl deg/C and 0.25/spl deg/C for the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Standard (2.0 W/kg for 10 g of tissue).

Temperature increase in the human head due to a dipole antenna at microwave frequencies

The temperature increases in a human head due to electromagnetic (EM) wave exposure from a dipole antenna are investigated in the frequency range of 900 MHz to 2.45 GHz. The maximum temperature increases in the head and brain are compared with the values of 10/spl deg/C and 3.5/spl deg/C (found in literature pertaining to microwave-induced physiological damage). In particular, the estimation scheme for maximum temperature increases of the head and brain tissues is discussed in terms of a peak average specific absorption rate (SAR) as prescribed in safety standards. The rationale for this attempt is that maximum temperature increases and peak average SARs have not been well correlated yet. For this purpose, the SAR in the head model is initially calculated by the finite-difference time-domain method. The temperature increase in the model is then calculated by substituting the SAR into the bioheat equation. Numerical results demonstrate that the temperature increase distribution in the head is largely dependent on the frequency of EM waves. This is mainly because of the frequency dependency of the SAR distribution. Similarly, maximum temperature increases in the head and brain are significantly affected by the frequency and polarization of the EM wave. The maximum temperature increases in the head (excluding auricles) and brain are determined through linear extrapolation of the peak average SAR in these regions. According to this scheme, it is found that the peak SAR averaged over 1 g of tissue in the head should be approximately 65 W/kg to achieve the maximum temperature increase of 10/spl deg/C induced in the head excluding auricles. This corresponds to a factor of about 40 compared to the FCC standard. On the other hand, the peak SAR for 10 g of tissue should be around 40 W/kg, which implies a factor of about 20 compared to the ICNIRP standard.

Correlation between maximum temperature increase and peak SAR with different average schemes and masses

This paper investigates the correlation between maximum temperature increases and peak spatial-average specific absorption rates (SARs), calculated by different average schemes and masses. For evaluating the effect of mass on the correlation properly, a three-dimensional Greens function is presented. From our computational investigation, no best average mass for peak spatial-average SAR exist from the aspect of the correlation with maximum temperature increase. This is attributed to the frequency dependent penetration depth of EM waves. Maximum temperature increase in the head including the pinna is reasonably correlated with peak spatial-average SARs for most average schemes and masses considered in this paper. Maximum temperature increase in the head only (excluding the pinna) is reasonably correlated with peak 10-g SARs for the average schemes considered in this paper. The rationale for this result is explained using the Greens function. The point to be stressed here is that the slope correlating them is largely dependent on the average scheme and mass. Additionally, good agreement is observed in the slopes obtained by using two head models, which have been developed at Osaka University and Nagoya Institute of Technology. However, weak correlation is observed for the brain, which is caused by the difference of the positions where peak SAR and maximum temperature increase appear. The 95th percentile values of the slope correlating maximum temperature increases in the head or brain and peak spatial-average SAR are quantified for different average schemes and masses

Correlation Between Peak Spatial-Average SAR and Temperature Increase Due to Antennas Attached to Human Trunk

This paper discusses the correlation between peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (SAR) and maximum temperature increase for antennas attached to the human trunk. Frequency bands considered are 150, 400, and 900 MHz, which are assigned for occupational communications. This problem is thoroughly investigated with the aid of Greens function. In particular, the effect of variation of thermal constants on the temperature increase is revealed by using one-dimensional model. Computational results suggests that one of the most dominant factors which affect the correlation between peak SAR and maximum temperature increase is blood flow in tissues. This is confirmed by considering a three-dimensional realistic human body model. Uncertainties caused by the calculation of peak SAR and the difference in the body model shape are also quantified

FDTD-derived correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in child and adult head models due to dipole antenna

This paper investigates the correlation between the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) and the maximum temperature increase in head models of adults and children due to a dipole antenna. Much attention is paid to the effect of variation of electrical and thermal constants on the correlation for the child models, since these constants of child tissues are different from those of adult tissues. For investigating these correlations thoroughly, a total of 1400 situations are considered for the following six models: 3-year-old child, 7-year-old child, and adult models developed at the Nagoya Institute of Technology and the Osaka the University. The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of statistics. We find that the maximum temperature increases in the head can be estimated linearly in terms of peak SAR averaged over 1- or 10-g of tissue. In particular, no clear difference is observed between the adult and child models in terms of the slopes correlating the maximum temperature increase with the peak SAR. Also, the effect of electrical and thermal constants of tissue on these correlation is found to be marginal. Further, we discuss possible maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for SAR limits prescribed in safety guidelines. For the adult model developed at the Osaka Univ., these are found to be 0.26degC and 0.10degC at the SAR value of 1.6 W/kg for 1-g cubic tissue and 0.59degC and 0.21degC at the SAR value of 2.0 W/kg for 10-g cubic tissue. Similarly, for the 3-year-old child model at Osaka Univ., these are 0.23degC and 0.11degC for the value of 1-g SAR and 0.53degC and 0.20degC for the value of 10-g SAR

SAR and temperature increase in the human eye induced by obliquely incident plane waves

Specific absorption rates (SARs) and temperature increases in the human eye are calculated for exposure to obliquely incident plane waves in the frequency range of 600 MHz and 6.0 GHz. The average SARs and the temperature increases in the lens are found to take maximum values only in the hot-spot frequency range for oblique incidence (30/spl deg/-50/spl deg/).

Mode analysis of an open-boundary cerenkov laser in the collective regime

The mode analysis of an open-boundary Cerenkov laser is developed in the collective regime. The Cerenkov laser under consideration consists of a relativistic slab electron beam and a dielectric-loaded conducting plane. The beam and the dielectric are assumed to be arbitrary in thickness, with an arbitrary gap allowed between them. For the Cerenkov laser specified above, the dependence of the growth rate upon the electron density of the beam, the beam-dielectric gap, the beam thickness, and the drift velocity of the beam is clarified. In particular, the following results deserve special attention. First, with other parameters kept invariant, the growth rate approaches a constant value for the beam thickness greater than the reactive skin depth of the beam. Second, the growth rate becomes maximum at the drift velocity of the beam characteristic of a particular electromagnetic wave mode with which the space charge wave interacts. As the mode number increases, the characteristic drift velocity shifts to higher values whereas the value of the maximum growth rate decreases.

Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves by a Dielectric Half‐Space Moving Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence

The present paper describes reflection and transmission of a plane electromagnetic wave by a dielectric half‐space which is moving uniformly perpendicular to the plane of incidence. It is found that for the incident E plane wave both the reflected and transmitted waves are no longer an E plane wave but a linear combination of E and H plane waves. In addition, it is shown that for the incident E wave the E‐wave components of the reflected and transmitted waves carry a positive power, but the power flow with regard to the H‐wave component of the transmitted wave is always negative while the power carried by the H‐wave component of the reflected wave is always positive.

Two-dimensional mode analysis of the Raman-type free-electron laser

The effects of an arbitrary beam thickness and a conducting wall in the Raman‐type free‐electron laser are investigated. To simplify the problem, a two‐dimensional model of a solid nonmagnetized relativistic electron beam enclosed with a parallel plate waveguide is considered. With the aid of the fluid theory for electron beams, the coupled mode equation relating the scattered wave (TE mode) and the electron plasma wave (TM mode) under the influence of the pump wave (TE mode) is derived. By using the solution to the coupled mode equation, together with the boundary conditions on the beam surface, the dispersion relation and the spatial growth rate for the coupled scattered and electron plasma waves are found. From detailed numerical analysis for the properties of the scattered wave, several interesting results are obtained. First, in order to get an appreciable magnitude of the growth rate, the beam width and the separation between the conducting walls of a parallel plate waveguide are required to be cons...

Full-wave analysis of the field distribution of natural modes in the rectangular waveguide grating based on singular integral equation method

The full-wave analysis based on the singular integral equation method is developed to correctly investigate dispersion properties and field distributions inside a rectangular waveguide grating used in low-voltage traveling wave amplifiers. Simplified treatments of periodic structures with rectangular grating are widely used in the analysis of microwave electron beam devices, providing an actually good accuracy for the calculation of dispersion curves of natural modes in a wide range of grating parameters. However, they do not guarantee the correct field distributions in a close proximity to the grating just where an electron beam is usually passed to get more effective beam-wave coupling. The amplitude of the minus-first spatial harmonic, which is mostly responsible for the resonant beam-wave interaction, can be substantially larger than that predicted by the simplified analysis. In addition, the contribution of the higher spatial harmonics to the total field is shown to be significantly larger than that evaluated from the simplified treatment. Consequences of the enhanced influence of higher harmonics on beam-wave interaction are discussed.