Tracy D. Eells
University of Louisville
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Featured researches published by Tracy D. Eells.
Psychotherapy | 2007
Edward M. Kendjelic; Tracy D. Eells
Psychotherapy case formulations written by 20 clinicians who received a 2-hr training session in case formulation were compared with those of 23 clinicians not receiving training. Formulations based on intake interviews conducted at a university-based psychiatric outpatient clinic, two to three per clinician, were reliably coded for quality and content. Clinicians in the training group produced formulations rated as higher in overall quality and as more elaborated, comprehensive, complex, and precise. These formulations were also more likely to address precipitants, predisposing factors, and an inferred mechanism to explain symptoms and problems. Effect sizes indicated that the average clinician in the training group produced a better formulation than 86% of those in the control group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Psychotherapy Research | 2003
Tracy D. Eells; Kenneth G. Lombart
The authors examined conceptions among cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapists regarding case conceptualization and treatment. Therapists were classified as novices, experienced, or experts. After constructing formulations in response to 6 vignettes, varying by mental disorder (anxiety, affective, personality) and prototypicality (high, low), therapists completed a questionnaire for each vignette. The investigators then studied differences in the importance of specific formulation factors, conceptualization difficulty, problem severity and expected change, recommended treatment length and session frequency, etiology, and views regarding patient control over problems and solutions. They found that therapy mode, level of experience and expertise, and their interaction predicted differences in case formulation and treatment preconceptions.
Psychotherapy | 2014
Tracy D. Eells; Marna S. Barrett; Jesse H. Wright; Michael E. Thase
This article reviews the use of computer technology in treating depression as a substitute or adjunct for standard therapy. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of introducing computer technology as a treatment option, problems and barriers to expanded use, the varieties of computer-assisted psychotherapy for major depression, and relevant research. Three specific Internet-based programs are described, assessed and compared: Good Days Ahead, Beating the Blues, and MoodGYM. The authors conclude that these and similar programs are promising. Preliminary outcome studies suggest that these programs produce outcome similar to standard therapy, although methodological shortcomings limit confidence in these findings. Suggestions are offered for practitioners considering the addition of computer assistance to their treatment of depression.
Psychotherapy Research | 2011
Tracy D. Eells; Kenneth G. Lombart; Nicholas L. Salsman; Edward M. Kendjelic; Carolyn T. Schneiderman; Cynthia P. Lucas
Abstract Therapist reasoning in case formulation construction was investigated. Sixty-five psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral therapists classified as experts, experienced, or novices generated “think aloud” formulations based on six standardized vignettes. Formulations were reliably transcribed, segmented into idea units, and content coded. ANOVA and sequential analysis compared formulation content and reasoning processes. Expert formulations contained more descriptive, diagnostic, inferential, and treatment planning information. They focused more on given and inferred symptoms, on adult relationship history, on inferred psychological mechanisms, on the need for further evaluation, and on plans to focus on treatment expectations and symptoms. They exhibited more forward (inferential) than backward (deductive) reasoning and, compared with non-experts, they exhibited more forward and backward reasoning. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive science models for expert problem solving and on implications for psychotherapy training, practice, and research.
Psychotherapy Research | 1995
Tracy D. Eells; Mardi J. Horowitz; Jerome L. Singer; Peter Salovey; Dennis Daigle; Carolyn Turvey
Two teams independently constructed sets of psychotherapy case formulations following the Role Relationship Model Configuration (RRMC) method. Formulations were based on transcripts from the first five psychotherapy sessions of a social phobic and an individual with a grief disorder. Intraclass correlation coefficients showed that 20 clinical judges had good agreement as to the similarity of the two sets of formulations. Matched-group t-tests demonstrated that correctly matched pairings of the formulations were more similar than incorrectly matched pairings. Further, the results demonstrated that wish, fear, and symptomatic compromise components of RRMCs contribute different information to the overall formulation.
Psychological Reports | 1994
Tracy D. Eells; Patricia Lacefield; Jack Maxey
Generalizability, psychological symptom correlates, and the factor structure of the Health Professions Stress Inventory were assessed with a sample of 92 geriatric nurses. The inventory was designed to measure the sources and frequency of stress among nurses, physicians, and pharmacists; little is known, however, of the extent to which scores correlate with psychological symptoms or of the underlying dimensions of stress measured. Analyses showed high correspondence between responses of the geriatric nurses and the normative nurses as measured by mean values and Cronbach alpha. Factor analysis of the intercorrelations among items yielded 4 factors contributing to work-related stress, i.e., Lack of Perceived Enrichment Potential, Patient Care, Interpersonal Conflict, and Family Responsibility Conflict. Scores on the inventory correlated significantly with those of all SCL-90—R scales.
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings | 2008
Laura Schweitzer; Tracy D. Eells
The data and discussion contained in this invited paper are based on the opening plenary by the first author whose paper titled “The Status of Ph.D.s in US Medical Schools” was presented at the 3rd national conference of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers, Minneapolis, MN, May 2007. The significant growth of the number of Ph.D.s in clinical departments is described, as is their distribution. The roles they play; the barriers they face in terms of leadership opportunities, promotion and tenure; and the concerns they voice that are specific to this population are also discussed. Salary differentials between Ph.D.s on main and medical school campuses are provided. Recommendations for future investigation of disparate treatment and for faculty development opportunities specifically aimed at this group are found at the conclusion of the paper.
Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports | 2015
Tracy D. Eells; Marna S. Barrett; Jesse H. Wright; Michael E. Thase
With consensus reached that psychotherapy is effective in treating many psychological disorders, researchers are developing more efficient and cost-effective ways to deliver evidence-based treatments. One avenue of exploration is computer-assisted therapy, which, if as effective as therapy delivered entirely by a therapist, could significantly reduce cost while expanding access to treatment, leveraging clinician time more advantageously, and increasing adherence to evidence-based techniques. This report examines research comparing computer-assisted therapy for major depression and anxiety disorders with controls and other treatments. Overall, results indicate moderate treatment effect sizes as compared to wait-list controls and equivalent results when compared to therapist-delivered treatment. However, dropout rates tend to be high with little clinician involvement and some studies show treatment effects attenuating in the long term. Additional and methodologically stronger studies are needed. Future directions may include integration of computer-assisted methods into clinics and training settings, capitalizing on opportunities that technology offers to improve treatment outcome and better educating clinicians about computer-assisted treatments.
Psychotherapy Research | 1995
Tracy D. Eells
The psychological mechanism of role reversal was examined in the context of a combined social cognition and psychodynamic model. The model postulates that traumatized individuals possess a repertoire of self and relationship schemas, some of which may be used to avoid anxiety associated with others. One mechanism for controlling anxiety is to assume the role of the other and to assign the role of self to others. This paper also presents a method for quantitative analysis of the complex, individual schematic representations presumed to organize role reversal. A traumatized adult male sorted 36 idiographically derived dichotomous descriptors for 13 “selves.” Results from principal components analysis applied at the intraindividual level of inquiry indicate a prototypic interpersonal relationship pattern that is repetitive, thematically relates to an early trauma, and in which roles of self and others are interchanged. In intimate relationships especially, the subject either feels committed and responsible t...
Current Psychiatry Reports | 2018
Jesse H. Wright; Laura W. McCray; Tracy D. Eells; Rangaraj Gopalraj; Laura B. Bishop
Purpose of ReviewWe reviewed research on computer-assisted cognitive-behavior therapy (CCBT) performed in medical settings with the goals of assessing the effectiveness of this newer method of treatment delivery, evaluating the need for clinician support of therapeutic computer programs, and making suggestions for future research and clinical implementation.Recent FindingsThe overall results of randomized, controlled trials suggest that CCBT can be an effective treatment for depression in primary care patients and health care anxiety. Also, it can be a useful component of treatment for somatic conditions including irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain. The amount and type of clinician support needed for maximizing effectiveness remains unclear.SummaryCCBT offers promise for overcoming barriers to delivering effective psychotherapy in medical settings. We recommend that next steps for researchers include more definitive studies of the influence of clinician support, investigations focused on implementation in clinical practices, cost-benefit analyses, and use of technological advances.