Trevor I. Martin

Application of Rietveld analysis to crystal structures of titanyl phthalocyanine

This paper discusses the use of Rietveld analysis to solve crystal structures of titanyl phthalocyanines. Rietveld analysis is based on whole pattern fitting in which every point in the x-ray powder diffraction pattern is used as a measure of one or more Bragg diffraction peaks. Thus the refinement of relatively complicated crystal structures from x-ray patterns containing a relatively small number of resolved diffraction peaks is enabled. Various profile-fitting functions used in Rietveld analysis were parameterized and tested against known crystal structures of type I and type II titanyl phthalocyanine. It was found that a split Pearson VII function was found to best correct for preferred orientation effects observed in the x-ray patterns. The final goodness-of-fit parameters were R(Bragg) equals 0.17 and 0.13 for type I and type II structures, respectively. A computer program was used to generate several unit cells for type IV titanyl phthalocyanine. These unit cells were tested by stereochemical packing analysis to first determine which unit cells allowed for good intermolecular packing arrangements. Energy minimized models were then used as phasing models for Rietveld refinement. A triclinic structure with space group P-1 having an x-ray goodness-of-fit parameter R(Bragg) equals 0.24 was proposed as the most probable crystal structure for type IV titanyl phthalocyanine. The unit cell parameters are a equals 1.083 nm, b equals 1.312 nm, c equals 0.996 nm, alpha equals 72.28 degrees, beta equals 77.25 degrees and gamma equals 104.48 degrees. There are two molecules in the unit cell related by a center of inversion.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Effects of various design parameters on the properties of interfacial/free-radical microencapsulated particles

Dyed or pigmented synthetic microcapsules are employed in a variety of printing, electronic imaging, and non-silver imaging processes. At the Xerox Research Centre of Canada, we have studied the preparation of synthetic microcapsules, with high pigment content. Various options, useful for the microencapsulation process will be discussed with focus on a new hybrid interfacial polycondensation/free radical polymerization process to produce uniform thin polymeric shells surrounding discrete pigmented core particles. The factors which control the formation and the particle size ofcapsules in this process will be outlined. The influence ofpigment loading on the bulk density and flow properties of the microcapsules will be discussed. The effect ofvarious reaction parameters on the molecular and rheological properties ofthe core and shell polymer will be presented.