Trina Ward
University of Westminster
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Maturitas | 2010
Volker Scheid; Trina Ward; Wung Seok Cha; Kenji Watanabe; Xing Liao
This article provides an overview and critical evaluation of the management of menopausal symptoms by traditional East Asian medicines (TEAMs). For this purpose we utilise an interdisciplinary perspective that draws on social history, medical anthropology, and clinical research. Our goal is threefold. First, we examine the research literature regarding evidence for the effectiveness of TEAMs in the management of menopausal symptoms. The failure of all studies reviewed to address the problematic articulation between tradition and modernity in the case of menopausal syndrome leads us to examine more closely how this connection has been constructed. In the second part of this review we explain how during the late 20th century various TEAMs currents such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Japanese Kampō, and Korean medicine, explored different responses to a biomedically defined disorder, namely menopause, that was until then not discussed in these traditions. Third, based on the findings of the previous sections we make a number of recommendations as to how research in this field might be improved. We argue that while robust evidence for the efficacy of TEAMs in treating menopausal symptoms is currently lacking, existing studies provide sufficient evidence to warrant further research. A new interdisciplinary research framework that takes account of the actual realities of TEAMs practice will be required however for meaningful answers regarding the two most urgent problems in the field to emerge. These are, first the issue of actual treatment effects, and second the more general problem of how TEAMs might be integrated into personalised health care.
Climacteric | 2009
Trina Ward; Volker Scheid; Veronica Tuffrey
Objectives First, to investigate cross-cultural variations in symptom prevalence for mid-life women using data from studies undertaken in the UK, Japan, China, Canada and the USA, and, second, to examine the relationship between symptoms, ethnicity, age and menopausal status for Londons multi-ethnic urban women aged 45–55 years. Methods Cross-sectional, self-administered, postal questionnaire of women aged 45–55 years in London, UK (n = 1115), recruited from general practitioner lists. Participants recalled 15 general symptoms and the prevalence rates were compared with those of cohorts from methodologically similar studies. Results London women experienced high levels of general symptom reporting. Tiredness was the most prevalent symptom (65%) followed by aches or stiffness in the joints (54%). The prevalence of seven symptoms varied by menopausal group. Only the symptom of hot flushes varied by age. Tiredness, insomnia and irritability varied by ethnic group. The pattern of symptom reporting for the London cohort was more similar to the pattern of women in Beijing than to the pattern of cohorts in Manitoba, Massachusetts and Japan. Conclusions Our data do not support the existence of a single menopausal syndrome. There appears to be dialectic between culture and biology. It can be argued that symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition arise through a complexity of factors, not simply declining levels of estrogen or ethnicity; geographic location, local culture and temporality are factors that also need to be taken into account.
Maturitas | 2015
Volker Scheid; Veronica Tuffrey; Thomas Weijburg; Mark Bovey; Trina Ward
OBJECTIVES The aims of this pilot study were to evaluate treatment effects, ascertain safety and formulate best practice Chinese medicine protocols relevant for London women suffering from menopausal symptoms. STUDY DESIGN This clinical pilot study employed a case series design within a wider action-based research project. 117 perimenopausal women between 45 and 55 years of age recruited from the general population were treated for menopausal symptoms by six experienced practitioners of Chinese medicine at the Polyclinic of the University of Westminster. Practitioners were instructed to treat as near to their usual practice style as possible. This involved using Chinese herbal medicine and/or acupuncture along with dietary and lifestyle advice. A maximum of 12 treatments over 6 months was allowed per patient. OUTCOME MEASURES The menopause specific quality of life questionnaire (MenQoL), the Greene climacteric scale, and flushing diaries were used to evaluate treatment outcomes. Liver and kidney function tests were carried out at intake and after 1, 6 and 12 treatments to evaluate the safety particularly in relation to the use of herbal medicines. RESULTS Patients showed significant improvement across all domains measured by the MenQoL and Greene climacteric scales. Reduction on the MenQoL scale between first and last visit was from 4.31 to 3.27 (p<0.001) and on the Green climacteric scale from 21.01 to 13.00 (p<0.001). Study participants did not reliably complete their flushing diaries. No adverse events or abnormal liver or kidney function values were observed during the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS Further research that seeks to investigate the effects observed in more detail and to evaluate them against other forms of treatment and/or no-treatment controls is warranted. This could be achieved by way of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial that evaluated Chinese medicine against orthodox medical care.
Chinese Medicine | 2012
Volker Scheid; Trina Ward; Veronica Tuffrey
ZusammenfassungBei der Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit der chinesischen Medizin stützt sich die klinische Forschung bei der Erstellung des Rahmens für ihre Hypothesen beinahe ausnahmslos auf Wissen aus TCM-Lehrbüchern, das entweder daraus oder anhand der klinischen Praxis ermittelt wird. Neueste historische Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass diese Lehrbücher, die Produkte eines politisch gesteuerten Modernisierungsprozesses sind, komplexe Mischformen aus westlichem und chinesischem Wissen darstellen, die darauf abzielen, die Eingliederung der chinesischen Medizin in biomedizinisch geprägte Praxiszusammenhänge zu erleichtern. Als solche beinhalten sie eine Reihe ungelöster und größtenteils nicht einmal zur Kenntnis genommener Widersprüche, wie etwa zwischen der in der chinesischen Medizintradition gängigen Betonung der je nach Region variierenden Sicht auf Krankheiten und der von der Biomedizin angestrebten Allgemeingültigkeit. Um die Auswirkungen dieser Widersprüche zu untersuchen, haben wir in einer Studie die auf eine bestimmte Region beschränkten Symptomkonfigurationen, wie sie von Londoner Frauen in den Wechseljahren erfahren wurden, mit den in TCM-Lehrbüchern beschriebenen Standardkonfigurationen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie bestätigen unsere These, dass die Krankheitsbeschreibungen in TCM-Lehr-büchern nicht immer auf klinischer Erfahrung fußen, auch wenn dies in diesen Lehrbüchern behauptet wird. Das wirft Fragen sowohl über das Verhältnis von Lehrbuchmeinung und klinischer Praxis auf als auch über die Validität von klinischen Forschungen, die auf Lehrbüchern und einer auf Lehrbücher gestützten normativen Praxis basieren. Wir sind der Ansicht, dass nur eine multidisziplinäre Herangehensweise, zu der auch eine Durchdringung des historischen Entstehens zeitgenössischen chinesischen Medizinwissens und seines Verhältnisses zur klinischen Praxis gehören, diese Probleme bewältigen und eine aussagekräftige Evaluation und sinnvolle Anwendung der chinesischen Medizin im Kontext des evidenzbasierten Gesundheitswesens des 21. Jahrhunderts gewährleisten kann.AbstractAlmost without exception clinical research seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of Chinese medicine relies on TCM textbook knowledge–accessed directly or via practitioners’ clinical usage–in order to frame its hypotheses. Recent historical research shows that these textbooks, products of a politically directed process of modernisation, constitute complex hybrids of western and Chinese knowledge that are designed to facilitate the integration of Chinese medicine into biomedically dominated contexts of practice. As such they produce a number of unresolved and generally unacknowledged tensions, such as between the emphasis on local illness experience in the Chinese medical tradition and the universality aspired to by biomedical knowledge. To examine the effect of these tensions we have carried out a study that compares local symptom patterns experienced by post-menopausal women in London with the universal patterns described in TCM textbooks. The results of this study confirm our proposition, namely that the TCM textbook descriptions of disease are not always grounded in clinical experience even if that is what textbooks claim. This raises questions about the relation of textbooks to clinical practice, and about the validity of clinical research based on textbooks and textbook derived normative practice. We argue that only a multidisciplinary approach that includes an understanding of the historical construction of contemporary Chinese medical knowledge and its relation to clinical practice can overcome these problems and enable a meaningful evaluation and utilisation of Chinese medicine in the context of 21st century evidence-based healthcare.Bei der Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit der chinesischen Medizin stützt sich die klinische Forschung bei der Erstellung des Rahmens für ihre Hypothesen beinahe ausnahmslos auf Wissen aus TCM-Lehrbüchern, das entweder daraus oder anhand der klinischen Praxis ermittelt wird. Neueste historische Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass diese Lehrbücher, die Produkte eines politisch gesteuerten Modernisierungsprozesses sind, komplexe Mischformen aus westlichem und chinesischem Wissen darstellen, die darauf abzielen, die Eingliederung der chinesischen Medizin in biomedizinisch geprägte Praxiszusammenhänge zu erleichtern. Als solche beinhalten sie eine Reihe ungelöster und größtenteils nicht einmal zur Kenntnis genommener Widersprüche, wie etwa zwischen der in der chinesischen Medizintradition gängigen Betonung der je nach Region variierenden Sicht auf Krankheiten und der von der Biomedizin angestrebten Allgemeingültigkeit. Um die Auswirkungen dieser Widersprüche zu untersuchen, haben wir in einer Studie die auf eine bestimmte Region beschränkten Symptomkonfigurationen, wie sie von Londoner Frauen in den Wechseljahren erfahren wurden, mit den in TCM-Lehrbüchern beschriebenen Standardkonfigurationen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie bestätigen unsere These, dass die Krankheitsbeschreibungen in TCM-Lehr-büchern nicht immer auf klinischer Erfahrung fußen, auch wenn dies in diesen Lehrbüchern behauptet wird. Das wirft Fragen sowohl über das Verhältnis von Lehrbuchmeinung und klinischer Praxis auf als auch über die Validität von klinischen Forschungen, die auf Lehrbüchern und einer auf Lehrbücher gestützten normativen Praxis basieren. Wir sind der Ansicht, dass nur eine multidisziplinäre Herangehensweise, zu der auch eine Durchdringung des historischen Entstehens zeitgenössischen chinesischen Medizinwissens und seines Verhältnisses zur klinischen Praxis gehören, diese Probleme bewältigen und eine aussagekräftige Evaluation und sinnvolle Anwendung der chinesischen Medizin im Kontext des evidenzbasierten Gesundheitswesens des 21. Jahrhunderts gewährleisten kann. Almost without exception clinical research seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of Chinese medicine relies on TCM textbook knowledge–accessed directly or via practitioners’ clinical usage–in order to frame its hypotheses. Recent historical research shows that these textbooks, products of a politically directed process of modernisation, constitute complex hybrids of western and Chinese knowledge that are designed to facilitate the integration of Chinese medicine into biomedically dominated contexts of practice. As such they produce a number of unresolved and generally unacknowledged tensions, such as between the emphasis on local illness experience in the Chinese medical tradition and the universality aspired to by biomedical knowledge. To examine the effect of these tensions we have carried out a study that compares local symptom patterns experienced by post-menopausal women in London with the universal patterns described in TCM textbooks. The results of this study confirm our proposition, namely that the TCM textbook descriptions of disease are not always grounded in clinical experience even if that is what textbooks claim. This raises questions about the relation of textbooks to clinical practice, and about the validity of clinical research based on textbooks and textbook derived normative practice. We argue that only a multidisciplinary approach that includes an understanding of the historical construction of contemporary Chinese medical knowledge and its relation to clinical practice can overcome these problems and enable a meaningful evaluation and utilisation of Chinese medicine in the context of 21st century evidence-based healthcare.
Maturitas | 2010
Volker Scheid; Trina Ward; Veronica Tuffrey
Archive | 2005
Trina Ward
European Journal of Integrative Medicine | 2012
Trina Ward
Archive | 2011
Trina Ward
Archive | 2011
Trina Ward
Archive | 2011
Trina Ward