Tudor Vlad

An Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators

Despite uncertainties about the popular measures f media freedom, no systematic analyses have been undertaken of their development, of the assumptions that lie behind their different methodologies, of the reliability of the resultant measures, or of the consistency of conclusions across the different measures. This article examines four measures, by Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières, IREX and the Committee to Protect Journalists, and finds considerable consistency in the measurement. In addition, the Freedom House measure, which has been in existence for more than 20 years, varies in meaningful ways across time. The article examines the conceptual implications of these findings and offers suggestions for their use by researches in the future.

Implications of Technological Change for Journalists' Tasks and Skills

Abstract The authors explore how technology has altered the work processes and activities in news organizations. They show how story ideageneration, research, sourcing, processing, packaging, and repurposinghave changed and created needs for news skills and capabilities.

2013 Annual Survey of Journalism Mass Communication Enrollments Enrollments Decline for Third Consecutive Year

Enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States in the fall of 2013 were down from a year earlier for the third year in a row. Enrollments dropped at the bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral levels, and the number of freshmen and sophomores were down dramatically from a year earlier. Enrollments in the journalism specialty have dropped, and enrollments in advertising and public relations also have stagnated. While the overall field of communication also seems to be slowing in terms of growth, the subfield of journalism and mass communication has been particularly hard hit.

2011 Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Enrollments Enrollments Decline, Reversing the Increase of a Year Earlier, and Suggesting Slow Growth for Future

Enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs declined in the autumn of 2011, compared to a year earlier. Enrollments were down slightly at the senior and junior levels and substantially at the freshman level. Enrollment increased at the sophomore level. The majority of administrators say they have made curricular changes in the past two years in response to changes taking place in the communication landscape. Much of that change is focused on revisions to what had been the journalistic core. The field has become more diverse racially and ethnically, coming close to matching the characteristics of the overall population.

2005 Enrollment Report: Enrollment Growth Continues, but at Reduced Rate

Journalism and mass communication enrollments increased in the fall of 2005, but the 2005–2006 academic year was the second in a row in which rate of growth was modest. Growth in the size of the freshman class and the expectation of growth in enrollments generally suggest that enrollments in the field will continue to increase in coming years. The data also suggest that the field of journalism and mass communication is not keeping up with general trends in growth in graduate enrollments. An examination of faculty retirement projections suggests little disruption in the next ten years, but more may lie beyond that period. Journalism and mass communication draws on two separate suppliers of faculty—the communication occupations and doctoral programs. Evidence is that this pattern will continue in the future.

2010 Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Enrollments: Enrollments Grow, Reversing Stagnation of Recent Years

Undergraduate enrollments in U.S. journalism and mass communication programs increased by 2.0% in the autumn of 2010, a reverse in a two-year slowdown, but perhaps temporary. Graduate level enrollments increased 6.3% in doctoral programs and a dramatic 13.4% in masters programs. JMC programs sent a record number of bachelors, masters, and doctoral degree recipients into the job market. Enrollment in the journalism specialization declined again, but it remains the largest in the field with about a quarter of students. Undergraduate enrollment of racial/ethnic minorities hit a new high point of 36.3%. Nine in ten of program administrators said they are dealing with big challenges, most commonly budgets/financing.

2006 Enrollment Report: Enrollments Level Off; Online Instruction Now Routine

Journalism and mass communication enrollments increased only slightly in 2006, and the increase was brought about by the addition of new programs, rather than growth at existing programs. The slowdown in enrollments is not unprecedented, and enrollments have declined in the recent past. Growth in enrollments at the entry level in 2006 and the expectation that university enrollments will increase generally in the next five to ten years suggests the likelihood of continued growth in journalism and mass communication enrollments in the next few years. The curricula of journalism and mass communication programs have changed in response to changes in the technologies used by the communication occupations. While fewer students are enrolled in the four traditional areas of advertising, journalism, public relations, and telecommunications than in the past, journalism continues to attract the largest number of students.

Annual Enrollment Report: Graduate and Undergraduate Enrollments Increase Sharply

Enrollments at both the graduate and undergraduate level increased in the autumn of 2002, resulting in the largest number of students enrolled in journalism and mass communication ever. The growth in graduate enrollment follows a period of decline, while the increase in undergraduate enrollment continues a pattern of growth. The percentage of undergraduates enrolled who were female increased slightly, as did the percentage of students who were African-American.

Annual Enrollment Report Number of Students Studying Journalism and Mass Communication at All-time High.

Undergraduate enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs around the country increased dramatically in the autumn of 2000. Total enrollments were up by 12.0%; same unit enrollments were up 8.5%. The number of students enrolled in journalism and mass communication programs was the largest it has ever been. The undergraduate enrollment growth in journalism and mass communication is mirrored in undergraduate enrollment growth across the university. The projection is for continued growth in undergraduate enrollments nationally, and all indications are that journalism and mass communication enrollments also will continue to increase. Graduate enrollments in journalism and mass communication also grew in the autumn of 2000 after several years of stagnation, but the growth in graduate enrollments resulted from the opening of new programs rather than growth within existing programs. Total enrollments were up 4.3% for masters programs and 26.1% for doctoral programs, but same unit enrollments declined at the masters level (-- 1.4%) and were up at the much smaller doctoral programs by 9.8%. Graduate enrollments have shown little growth nationally in recent years, reflecting, most likely, the inducements of a strong economy to remain in the labor force. An estimated 38,311 students earned bachelors degrees from journalism and mass communication programs in the academic year ending in the summer of 2000, representing an increase of 8.4% from a year earlier. Same unit growth was 7.7%. An additional 3,300 masters degree recipients earned journalism and mass communication degrees in academic year 1999-2000, up 9.9% from a year earlier. These same programs granted an estimated 217 doctoral degrees, up 19.9% from a year earlier. Same unit change was 1.1% at the masters level and 7.8% at the doctoral level. These are among the key findings of the 2000 Annual Survey of Journalism fr Mass Communication Enrollments. In addition, the survey showed: * The percentage of undergraduates who are women increased just slightly in 2000, resulting in the highest percentage for women since at least 1988. Women also were a larger percentage of those enrolled in masters programs than ever before and continue to be the majority of those enrolled in doctoral programs. * One in ten of those enrolled in undergraduate journalism and mass communication programs across the country is African-American, and one in ten is Hispanic. The percentage of enrolled undergraduates who are African-American dropped from a year earlier and is at the lowest point since 1991. The percentage of enrolled undergraduates who are Hispanic has grown dramatically since 1988 and was the highest it has been since at least that year. * An estimated one in four of the bachelors degrees granted by journalism and mass communication programs in the 1999-2000 academic year was earned by a minority, representing 9,575 individuals. The survey also found that only about four in ten of the journalism and mass communication programs report enrollments by race, suggesting many administrators are not closely monitoring these figures. Half report enrollments by gender. Methodology The methods used in the Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Enrollments have remained unchanged since 1988. Schools listed in either the Journalism Fr Mass Communication Directory published by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication or The Journalists Road to Success, A Career and Scholarship Guide, published by The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund Inc., are included in the population of surveyed schools. All degree-granting senior colleges and universities with courses organized under the labels of journalism and mass communication are invited to be listed in the AEJMC Directory. To be included in the Guide, the college or university must offer at least ten courses in news-editorial journalism, and those courses must include core courses, such as an introduction to the mass media and press law and ethics, as well as basic skills courses, such as reporting and editing. …

2012 Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Enrollments Enrollments Decline for Second Year in a Row

Enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States have declined over the last two years, reversing a pattern of growth that has sustained the field for twenty years. It is a decline at a time of continued growth in enrollments at universities generally. It is a decline at a time when enrollments have been growing in the instructional field of communication of which journalism and mass communication is a part. The data indicate the decline, based on degrees granted, which is a reflection of enrollments. Communication has been growing consistently, but the journalism and mass communication subfield has been flat and is now declining as the 2012 Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Enrollments demonstrates.