Tünde Virág

Roma communities, urban development and social bordering in the inner city of Budapest

ABSTRACT The paper relates intersectionality to the construction of urban borders based on a case study of Roma neighbourhoods in Budapest. In doing this the authors focus on rationales behind appropriating and demarcating urban spaces according to political, ethno-territorial and economic agendas. We are concerned with bordering as reflected in representations of neighbourhood in Budapest’s VIII District and socio-ethnic issues that have been framed in conjunction with urban development. This includes the selective ways Roma-specific issues are made visible, or in fact masked, through ostensibly “colour-blind” policies. Furthermore, we relate these representations to concrete impacts of urban renewal with regard to challenges of multi-ethnicity but also to often exclusionary practices of border-making. Indeed, while not an officially proclaimed policy, social segregation is eagerly pursued in practice. However, this is only part of the story as we can clearly identify attempts to create a sense of Roma belonging and pride.

Élet egy kisváros peremén

Municipal governments and citizens continually shape and differentiate spaces. These spaces map social distances by their spatial isolation. Out of the three social housing blocks in a small town of the Great Plain, the lowest-status settlement’s history encompasses a former distinguished officers’ residence that turned into a Roma ghetto. Several factors played equally important roles in taking the social housing estate to a position on the edge, not only spatially but also socially: On the one hand, it was the demolition of the former settlements and the ensuing enforced mobility, the housing policy of the town and the unequal allocation of social housing units, on the other hand, it was the selection processes evolving in the marginalised block. In the eyes of the majority, the population of the settlement seems socially and ethnically homogenous and it is uniformly stigmatised by the local institutions and the other inhabitants. Analysing both financial stability and survival strategies of the block’s residents, we have found that families living there show rather large differences in this respect, and that they constitute a heterogeneous population. The settlement comprises people living in differing socio-economic conditions; one circle of families lives in a relatively stable situation with steady incomes, another is in unstable, uncertain circumstances, while there are indebted families living from one day to another and expecting their eviction from their tenement any time. Tenants identified with relatively stable backgrounds are both the ones that moved in first into the social housing block and the well embedded families who are gaining stability through their personal social networks. Whereas the situation of newcomers – those who recently moved in from predominantly lower-status areas of the town, temporary family shelters or from farm buildings in the outer areas – is the most unstable. However, even those families with the most stable financial background cannot afford to buy an independent home or rent a flat on the private market. Spatial and, consequently, social mobility is almost impossible for those occupants. Between families having lived side by side for years and decades, tight, sometimes familial relations are woven. These relations help in everyday survival but also keep those families isolated in their inner – hermetic - social network. In parallel with the marginalisation of the settlement, the binding connections that can advance the survival of these families became more and more important while linkages toward other social groups and the majority institutions that could foster spatial and social mobility are lost.