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Aerobic exercise capacity in normal adolescents and those with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objective:  To compare the aerobic exercise capacity between normal adolescents and those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Comparação da freqüência cardíaca máxima medida com as fórmulas de predição propostas por Karvonen e Tanaka

BACKGROUND Equations for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) are widely used in exercise testing and for training prescription, but their efficacy remains controversial in the literature. OBJECTIVE To compare maximal heart rate during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using the prediction equations developed by Karvonen and Tanaka. METHODS Of the 24,120 maximal treadmill graded exercise tests stored in the CEMAFE database from 1994 to 2006, 2047 HRmax values were analyzed, 1091 of which were from male and 956 from female sedentary subjects. These data were used as a gold standard to compare Karvonens and Tanakas prediction formulas. RESULTS Mean measured maximal heart rates were 181.0 +/- 14.0; 180.6 +/- 13.0, and 180.8 +/- 13.8 for men, women, and both genders combined, respectively. Likewise, mean values from Karvonens equation were 182.0 +/- 11.4; 183.7 +/- 11.5, and 183.9 +/- 11.7; and from Tanakas, 182.0 +/- 8.0; 182.6 +/- 8.0, and 182.7 +/- 8.2. Karvonens and Tanakas equations yielded the same correlation coefficients, as compared with measured maximal heart rate (r = 0.72). CONCLUSION Karvonens and Tanakas equations are similar in predicting maximal heart rate and show good correlation with measured maximal heart rate.FUNDAMENTO: Formulas de predicao da frequencia cardiaca maxima sao amplamente utilizadas em servicos de ergometria e para prescricao de treinamento, contudo ha controversia na literatura sobre a eficacia delas. OBJETIVO: Comparar a frequencia cardiaca maxima obtida pelo teste ergoespirometrico com as equacoes propostas por Karvonen e Tanaka. METODOS: Dos 24.120 testes ergoespirometricos maximos, com protocolo de cargas crescentes, realizados em esteira rolante e armazenados no banco de dados do Cemafe, no periodo de 1994 a 2006, foram resgatados 1.091 resultados da frequencia cardiaca maxima de individuos sedentarios do sexo masculino e 956 do feminino. Esses dados foram utilizados como padrao-ouro na comparacao com as formulas de predicao propostas por Karvonen e Tanaka. RESULTADOS: Os valores medios da frequencia cardiaca maxima medida foram: 181,0 ± 14,0, 180,6 ± 13,0 e 180,8 ± 13,8, para o sexo masculino, feminino e ambos os sexos, respectivamente. Seguindo o mesmo padrao, os valores para equacao de Karvonen foram de 182,0 ± 11,4, 183,7 ± 11,5 e 183,9 ± 11,7; e os de Tanaka 182,0 ± 8,0, 182,6 ± 8,0 e 182,7 ± 8,2. A equacao de Karvonen apresentou valores de correlacao iguais a de Tanaka, quando comparadas com a frequencia cardiaca maxima medida, r = 0,72. CONCLUSAO: As equacoes de Karvonen e Tanaka sao semelhantes para predicao da frequencia cardiaca maxima e apresentam boa correlacao com a frequencia cardiaca maxima medida.

Resposta divergente da testosterona e do cortisol séricos em atletas masculinos após uma corrida de maratona

Physical exercise alters homeostasis, as it requires prompt mobilization of metabolic sources. In this study, we measured serum testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels and the muscle-wastage enzymes CK, CKMB and LDH in 20 healthy male athletes (ages 25 to 40 years) in response to a marathon race (42.2 km). Venous blood samples were drawn in 3 different periods: (i) in the morning, 48 h before the competition (control), (ii) at the end of the race (end), and (iii) in the next morning, 20 h after the race (recovery). At the end, T was significantly lower (from 673 to 303 ng/dl) and C higher (from 20.3 to 42.5 µg/dl) as compared to the control period. At recovery, both were virtually identical to control levels. CK, CKMB and LDH were significantly higher at the end of the competition and even higher in the recovering period (except for CKMB), characterizing muscle wastage. CK and LDH disclosed a significant negative correlation with T (-0.412 and -0.546, respectively), whereas CKMB correlated positively with C (0.4521). We conclude that the inverse correlation observed between T and C levels, and the pattern of CK, CKMB and LDH increase, allow us to confirm that a marathon race may cause a marked physical stress, resulting in a distinct hormonal imbalance and severe cellular damage.

Evolução do perfil neuromotor e capacidade funcional de mulheres fisicamente ativas de acordo com a idade cronológica

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are few longitudinal studies to determine the effect of aging on physical fitness and functional capacity of physically active women. The purpose of this study was to compare the evolution of neuromotor profile and functional capacity in active elderly women in one-year period as related to chronological age at the base line. METHODS: Sample consisted of 117 women from 50 to 79 years of age (: 65 ± 6.6 years) engaged in an aerobic program, twice a week, 50 minutes per session during 5.4 ± 3.0 years and divided in three age groups: 50-59 (n: 23); 60-69 (n: 60); 70-79 (n: 34). Motor function and mobility tests included: lower and upper limb strength, agility, trunk flexibility, velocity of rising from a chair, static balance, gait speed and maximum gait speed. Results at the base line and in two evaluations made at six-month interval were compared using a Two Way ANOVA, with a post-hoc Bonferroni. RESULTS: There were no differences regarding neuromotor performance, although velocity of rising from a chair and gait speed evidenced significant differences in groups 50-59 and 60-69 years, showing better results (10-20%); and for maximum gait speed there was an increase (8%) in 60-79 age groups. CONCLUSION: Present results suggest that physical fitness and functional capacity evolution had a similar pattern among physically active women, regardless of chronological age. This evolution supports the hypothesis of regular physical activity as a powerful tool to promote health, being of utmost importance to a healthy aging.FUNDAMENTOS Y OBJETIVO: Pocos estudios longitudinales han sido realizados en mujeres fisicamente activas para determinar el impacto del envejecimiento de la aptitud fisica y la capacidad funcional. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la evolucion del perfil neuromotor y la capacidad funcional de mujeres activas en el periodo de un ano de acuerdo con la edad cronologica. METODOS: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 117 mujeres de 50 a 79 anos de edad (: 65 ± 6,6 anos) participantes de un programa de ejercicios aerobicos, dos veces por semana, 50 minutos por sesion durante 5,4 ± 3,0 anos y divididas por la edad: 50-59 (n: 23); 60-69 (n: 60); 70-79 (n: 34). Los tests neuromotores y de movilidad incluyeron: fuerza muscular de los miembros inferiores y superiores, agilidad, flexibilidad de tronco, velocidad de levantarse de la silla, equilibrio estatico, velocidad normal de andar y velocidad maxima de andar. Los resultados iniciales de las dos evaluaciones siguientes, realizadas intervalos de 6 meses, fueron comparados usando ANOVA two way, con post-hoc Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: En un ano no hubo ninguna alteracion del desempeno neuromotor, ya que la velocidad de levantar de la silla y la velocidad de andar no evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los grupos de 50-59 e 60-69 anos, presentando resultados un 10-20% mejores; en cuanto a la velocidad maxima de andar hubo una mejora (8%) en los grupos de 60 a 79 anos. CONCLUSION: La evolucion de la aptitud fisica y la capacidad funcional tuvo un comportamiento similar, en mujeres fisicamente activas independientemente de la edad cronologica. Esta evolucion fortalece la hipotesis de un efecto favorable de la actividad fisica regular en la promocion de la salud, estrategia fundamental del envejecimiento saludable.

Aerobic Exercise Capacity and Pulmonary Function in Athletes With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To compare the aerobic exercise capacity and pulmonary function between athletes with and without type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-one adult age-matched individuals were assessed in random order to the maximum volume of O2 consumption (Vo2peak max) (ml/kg/min), anaerobic threshold (ml/kg/min), peak pulmonary ventilation (Ve), heart rate (beats per min), time to exhaustion (min), forced vital capacity (FEV) (%), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (%), total lung capacity (TLC) (%), and lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (%). Individuals were 27 with type 1 diabetes: 15 athletes (ADM) and 12 nonathletes (NADM); and 24 healthy individuals: 12 ADM and 12 NADM. Duration of diabetes was 14.6 ± 6.2 and 15.2 ± 6.7 years in ADM and NADM, respectively. RESULTS Vo2peak max was higher in ADM than in NADM (P < 0.001). The anaerobic threshold was lower in subjects with type 1 diabetes than in control subjects (P < 0.001). FEV1 was lower in ADM than in other groups (NADM, athletes control, and nonathletes control, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic capacity in subjects with type 1 diabetes with programmed exercise is similar to the capacity of normal athletes despite lower anaerobic threshold and FEV1.

Maximal and submaximal physiological responses to adaptation to deep water running.

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare physiological responses between runners adapted and not adapted to deep water running at maximal intensity and the intensity equivalent to the ventilatory threshold. Seventeen runners, either adapted (n = 10) or not adapted (n = 7) to deep water running, participated in the study. Participants in both groups undertook a maximal treadmill running and deep water running graded exercise test in which cardiorespiratory variables were measured. Interactions between adaptation (adapted vs. non-adapted) and condition (treadmill running vs. deep water running) were analysed. The main effects of adaptation and condition were also analysed in isolation. Runners adapted to deep water running experienced less of a reduction in maximum oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2max) in deep water running compared with treadmill running than runners not adapted to deep water running. Maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, maximal ventilation, [Vdot]O2 at the ventilatory threshold, heart rate at the ventilatory threshold, and ventilation at the ventilatory threshold were significantly higher during treadmill than deep water running. Therefore, we conclude that adaptation to deep water running reduces the difference in [Vdot]O2max between the two modalities, possibly due to an increase in muscle recruitment. The results of this study support previous findings of a lower maximal and submaximal physiological response on deep water running for most of the measured parameters.

Causas e conseqüências físicas e emocionais do término de carreira esportiva

INTRODUCAO: Os atletas de alto rendimento, em determinado momento, se defrontam com o termino de carreira esportiva, um processo crucial e inevitavel, com exigencias de ajustamentos nas esferas da vida ocupacional, financeira, social e psicologica e, que, portanto, pode ser acompanhado por distress emocional. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar como ex-atletas brasileiros de alto nivel de basquetebol e futebol profissional experienciaram a aposentadoria da carreira esportiva, suas causas e consequencias fisicas e emocionais. METODOS: Para tanto, foram avaliados 79 ex-atletas de alto nivel, do sexo masculino, que pertenciam a duas modalidades esportivas: futebol (N = 57) e basquetebol (N = 22), com media de idade de 51,75 ± 8,85 anos. O tempo de pratica como atleta profissional foi de 18,22 ± 4,66 anos e o termino da carreira esportiva ocorreu em media aos 34,36 ± 4,42 anos. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada; os dados foram analisados pela frequencia de ocorrencia de respostas para cada item da entrevista. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, para 75,9% dos atletas, a decisao de encerrar a carreira foi espontânea. A idade (49,4%) e outros interesses emergentes (43,0%) foram as principais causas da aposentadoria. Os sentimentos vivenciados nesse momento foram de tristeza (50,6%) e de conformismo (36,7%). Para 43% dos ex-atletas a condicao fisica piorou apos o termino da carreira. CONCLUSOES: Os autores concluem que, apesar de os atletas terem experienciado uma carreira esportiva longa, o momento de se aposentar no esporte trouxe sentimentos de tristeza. Por outro lado, a idade e um limitador para a carreira esportiva e reconhecer isso levou ao conformismo.

Avaliação do efeito da hipotermia por crioimersão corporal, nos neutrófilos e linfócitos sanguíneos de ratos submetidos ao exercício físico agudo

Systemic stress induced by exercise increases bioactive substances in plasma which leads to neutrophilic mobilization. Cryotherapy causes a decrease in the inflammatory reaction and attenuates high blood perfusion after exercise. The objective of this work was to analyze the influence of cold water immersion (CWI) after acute exercise on neutrophil and lymphocyte mobilization. A control group of rats (AI) was kept at rest and a second group (AII) was submitted to CWI at 10o C for 10 minutes. The animals of Groups BI, BII, BIII and BIV were submitted to acute exercise which consisted in swimming in water at 31o C for 100 minutes with a load equivalent to 5% of the body weight. Groups CI, CII, CIII and CIV were submitted to CWI immediately after acute exercise. The animals were sacrificed at 6 (I), 12 (II), 24 (III) and 48 (IV) hours after the exercise and neutrophil and lymphocyte cells were counted for all groups by optic microscopy. The Student t-test was used for statistical analysis with a significance level of p< 0.05. A significant increase in the number of neutrophils was observed in Groups AII, BI, BII, BIII, BIV, CI, CII and CIII compared to AI. The neutrophil count of the CIV Group was similar to the Control Group. There was a significant drop in the number of lymphocytes in Groups BII, BIII, BIV, CI and CII when compared to Group AI. The lymphocyte count of Groups AII, BI, CIII and CIV were similar to the Control Group. The changes in neutrophil and lymphocyte counts caused by acute exercise were reverted to normal at 24 hours by cold water immersion.

Evolution of neuromotor profile and functional capacity of physically active women according to chronological age

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are few longitudinal studies to determine the effect of aging on physical fitness and functional capacity of physically active women. The purpose of this study was to compare the evolution of neuromotor profile and functional capacity in active elderly women in one-year period as related to chronological age at the base line. METHODS: Sample consisted of 117 women from 50 to 79 years of age (: 65 ± 6.6 years) engaged in an aerobic program, twice a week, 50 minutes per session during 5.4 ± 3.0 years and divided in three age groups: 50-59 (n: 23); 60-69 (n: 60); 70-79 (n: 34). Motor function and mobility tests included: lower and upper limb strength, agility, trunk flexibility, velocity of rising from a chair, static balance, gait speed and maximum gait speed. Results at the base line and in two evaluations made at six-month interval were compared using a Two Way ANOVA, with a post-hoc Bonferroni. RESULTS: There were no differences regarding neuromotor performance, although velocity of rising from a chair and gait speed evidenced significant differences in groups 50-59 and 60-69 years, showing better results (10-20%); and for maximum gait speed there was an increase (8%) in 60-79 age groups. CONCLUSION: Present results suggest that physical fitness and functional capacity evolution had a similar pattern among physically active women, regardless of chronological age. This evolution supports the hypothesis of regular physical activity as a powerful tool to promote health, being of utmost importance to a healthy aging.FUNDAMENTOS Y OBJETIVO: Pocos estudios longitudinales han sido realizados en mujeres fisicamente activas para determinar el impacto del envejecimiento de la aptitud fisica y la capacidad funcional. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la evolucion del perfil neuromotor y la capacidad funcional de mujeres activas en el periodo de un ano de acuerdo con la edad cronologica. METODOS: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 117 mujeres de 50 a 79 anos de edad (: 65 ± 6,6 anos) participantes de un programa de ejercicios aerobicos, dos veces por semana, 50 minutos por sesion durante 5,4 ± 3,0 anos y divididas por la edad: 50-59 (n: 23); 60-69 (n: 60); 70-79 (n: 34). Los tests neuromotores y de movilidad incluyeron: fuerza muscular de los miembros inferiores y superiores, agilidad, flexibilidad de tronco, velocidad de levantarse de la silla, equilibrio estatico, velocidad normal de andar y velocidad maxima de andar. Los resultados iniciales de las dos evaluaciones siguientes, realizadas intervalos de 6 meses, fueron comparados usando ANOVA two way, con post-hoc Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: En un ano no hubo ninguna alteracion del desempeno neuromotor, ya que la velocidad de levantar de la silla y la velocidad de andar no evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los grupos de 50-59 e 60-69 anos, presentando resultados un 10-20% mejores; en cuanto a la velocidad maxima de andar hubo una mejora (8%) en los grupos de 60 a 79 anos. CONCLUSION: La evolucion de la aptitud fisica y la capacidad funcional tuvo un comportamiento similar, en mujeres fisicamente activas independientemente de la edad cronologica. Esta evolucion fortalece la hipotesis de un efecto favorable de la actividad fisica regular en la promocion de la salud, estrategia fundamental del envejecimiento saludable.

Estudo comparativo de métodos para a predição do consumo máximo de oxigênio e limiar anaeróbio em atletas

The application of a battery of tests for evaluation of the physical aptitude in laboratory involves a series of highly sophisticated equipment, mainly when the objective is the determination of the aerobic potency (maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold). The equipment is of high financial cost and requests professionals with good technical and scientific knowledge to handle it, and also, it is impossible to use it in the application of tests in large scale. The analysis of the distance run in a certain period of time or, yet, the time used for a distance set previously, has been a lot used with the goal of estimating or reflecting the aerobic aptitude in children and in adults. The proposal of this study was to analyze the correlation of the Cooper test (CT) with the values of maximum consumption of oxygen (VO2 max) determined through direct method, besides the attempt of validating this field test and another test called the test of 4,000 meters, in anaerobic threshold (AT prediction). Sixty-three players of field soccer were appraised with ages between 15 and 20 years. The athletes were submitted to three tests, one of them was accomplished at the laboratory and the others in the athletics track, in a maximum period of seven days. The laboratory test consisted of the determination of the VO2 max and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), through analysis of the gaseous changes in a metabolic system analysis on a Vacumed (model CPX Silver edition) Imbramed ergometric treadmill (model ATL 10200), with measurement of the heart rate (HR) with the Polar brand (model Accurex Plus). The first field test followed the protocol determined by Cooper and the second one consisted of a race of 4,000 meters, when determination of the time spent for the preset course was made. The coefficient of linear correlation of Pearson was calculated (r) and the following results were obtained: • The speed of LA showed direct significant correlation (r = 0.60 for p < 0.05) with the medium speed in CT. • The speed of LA showed direct significant correlation (r = 0.74 for p < 0.05) with the medium speed in T 4000. • The VO2 max determined by the direct method did not show significant correlation with the VO2 max (r = 0.23 for p < 0.05) determined through CT. The results suggest that the CT has not the precision required for the prediction of the VO2 max for this population and the possibility of its use for the field tests, like those performed in the present study, in order to obtain the prediction of the anaerobic threshold, and the 4,000 meters test presented larger precision than the CT when the goal is to predict the speed of the anaerobic threshold.