Turki Ali Alghamdi

iAMCTD: improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized DBR protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

We propose forwarding-function ( F F ) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time ( H T ) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold ( H th ), soft threshold ( S th ), and prime energy limit ( R prime ). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.

RE-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.

Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Nowadays Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are playing a vital role in several application areas ranging health to battlefield Wireless sensor networks are easy to deploy due to its unique characteristics of size and self-organizing networks. Wireless sensor nodes contain small unchangeable and not chargeable batteries. It is a resource constraint type network Routing in WSN is most expensive task as it utilizes more power resources. This paper is intended to introduce energy efficient routing protocol known as Position Responsive Routing Protocol (PRRP) to enhance energy efficiency of WSN. Position responsive routing protocol differs in several ways than other existing routing techniques. Position response routing protocol approach allows fair distribution of gateway\cluster head selection, maximum possible distance minimization among nodes and gateways\cluster heads to utilize less energy. Position responsive routing protocol shows significant improvement of 45% in energy efficiency of wireless sensor network life time as a whole by increasing battery life of individual nodes. Furthermore PRRP shows drastic increases for data throughput and provide better solution to routing energy hole due to it fair distributed approach of gateway selection.

A Relay Based Routing Protocol for Wireless In-Body Sensor Networks

Efficient energy utilization of in-body sensors is one of the hot areas of current research. In this paper, we present a relay based routing protocol for in vivo wireless body area sensor networks. Firstly, we decrease the communication distance of in-body sensors to its minimum value. Secondly, we do not allow multi-hopping of data among in-body sensors. So, in our proposed protocol, relays along with one coordinator are deployed on the clothes of a patient. As placed on the patients clothes, relays could easily be recharged and replaced. In-body sensors send the sensed data to nearby relay, which forwards the data to the coordinator and finally to the end station. Moreover, the proposed protocol is provided with linear programming based mathematical models for network lifetime maximization and end-to-end-delay minimization. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol performs better than the selected routing protocols in terms of energy efficiency.

AEDG: AUV-aided Efficient Data Gathering Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are getting growing interest because of wide-range of applications. Most applications of these networks demand reliable data delivery over longer period in an efficient and timely manner. However, resource- constrained nature of these networks makes routing in a harsh and unpredictable underwater environment challenging. Most existing schemes either employ mobile sensors or a Mobile Sink (MS). However, cost of movement and sensors make such schemes infeasible. MS based schemes are not suitable for delay-sensitive large-scale applications. Unlike prior work, this paper presents a novel AUV-aided Efficient Data Gathering Routing Protocol (AEDG) for reliable data delivery. To prolong network lifetime, AEDG employs an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to collect data from gateways. To minimize energy consumption, we use a Shortest Path Tree (SPT) algorithm while associating sensor nodes with the gateways and devise a criterion to limit the association count of nodes. Moreover, the role of gateways is rotated to balance the energy consumption. To prevent data loss, AEDG allows dynamic data collection time to AUV depending up the count of member sensors for each gateway. Moreover, we formulate a MILP model, that increases network throughput as well as conserves energy by limiting the assignment of member nodes. The performance of the AEDG is validated through simulations. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of AEDG in terms of various performance metrics.

An Energy Consumption Analysis of Beacon Enabled Slotted CSMA/CA IEEE 802.15.4

Due to low power consumption and low duty cycle, IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR - WPANs). It works in Beacon Enabled (BEn) and Non Beacon Enabled (NBEn) mode. In BEn mode, it has Contention Access Period (CAP) and an optional Contention Free Period (CFP). During CAP, nodes contend to access the medium for communication while CFP period provides Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) for low latency and applications requiring specific bandwidth. In this paper, we evaluate the comprehensive energy consumption of slotted CSMA/CA algorithm of IEEE 802.15.4 standard during idle and back off periods. Simulation results with acknowledgment frame are given at the end of the paper.

Evaluation of Human Activity Recognition and Fall Detection Using Android Phone

Human Activity Recognition (AR) using kinematic sensors is one of the widely used researched area based on Smartphone. Development in sensor networks technology provided birth to the applications that can give intelligent and amicable services based on the AR of people. Although, this technology supports analyzing different activities pattern, empowering applications to identify the activities performed user independently is still a fundamental concern. For improvement quality of life and personal safety, care giving process can be enhanced by introducing the AR, automatic fall detection, and prevention systems. Modern smartphones have different built in sensors like accelerometer, magnetometer, proximity, and gyroscope which can be used for AR as well as fall detection. In this paper, we present an AR and fall detection system which used built in sensors with alarm notification service. We use Signal Magnitude Vector (SMV) algorithm to analyze the fall like events. To overcome the false alarm activation problem, system uses different threshold values to determine the daily life activities like walking, standing, and sitting, that could be wrongly detected as a fall. For assessment, a trial setup is done to acquire sensors information of diverse positions.

Enhancing routing energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are playing a vital role in several application areas ranging health to battle field. Wireless sensor networks are easy to deploy due to its unique characteristics of size and self-organizing networks. Wireless sensor nodes contain small unchangeable and not chargeable batteries. It is a resource constraint type network. Routing in WSN is most expensive task as it utilizes more power resources. This paper is intended to introduce energy efficient routing protocol, known as Position Responsive Routing Protocol (PRRP) to enhance energy efficiency of WSN. Position responsive routing protocol differs in several ways than other existing routing techniques. Position response routing protocol approach allows fair distribution of gateway\cluster head selection, maximum possible distance minimization among nodes and gateways\cluster heads to utilize less energy. Position responsive routing protocol shows significant improvement of 45% in energy efficiency of wireless sensor network life time as a whole by increasing battery life of individual nodes. Furthermore PRRP shows drastic increases for data throughput and provide better solution to routing energy hole due to it fair distributed approach of gateway selection. This work is the extension of Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network published in IEEE ICACT 2014.

Information Gathering Schemes for Collaborative Sensor Devices

Abstract We develop a novel information gathering scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in which we consider n sensor nodes distributed randomly in a certain field to measure a physical phenomena. We desire to disseminate nodes’ data throughout the network such that a base station will be able to collect the sensed data by querying a small number of nodes. We propose a data dissemination and collection scheme to solve this problem, and we also present simulation results and derived bounds of this scheme.

Towards network lifetime maximization: sink mobility aware multihop scalable hybrid energy efficient protocols for Terrestrial WSNs

We propose two routing protocols for Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs): Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive (HEER) and Multihop Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive (MHEER) routing protocol. The main purpose of designing these protocols is to improve the network lifetime and particularly the stability period of the underlying network. In MHEER, the node with the maximum energy in a region becomes cluster head (CH) of that region for that particular round (or cycle) of time and the number of the CHs in each round remains the same. Our techniques outperform the well-known existing routing protocols: LEACH, TEEN, and DEEC in terms of stability period and network lifetime. We also calculate the confidence interval of all our results which helps us to visualize the possible deviation of our graphs from the mean value. We also implement sink mobility on HEER and MHEER. We refer to them as HEER-SM and MHEER-SM. Simulation results show that HEER-SM and MHEER-SM yield better network lifetime and stability region as compared to the counterpart techniques. We have also carried out simulations with 500 and 1000 nodes in the same field dimensions besides 100 nodes. Simulations prove that the proposed schemes show the same behavior with 500 and 1000 nodes; that is, HEER and MHEER are scalable as well.