Tyler M. McCracken

State of the Field: Extreme Precision Radial Velocities*

The Second Workshop on Extreme Precision Radial Velocities defined circa 2015 the state of the art Doppler precision and identified the critical path challenges for reaching 10 cm s^(−1) measurement precision. The presentations and discussion of key issues for instrumentation and data analysis and the workshop recommendations for achieving this bold precision are summarized here. Beginning with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph, technological advances for precision radial velocity (RV) measurements have focused on building extremely stable instruments. To reach still higher precision, future spectrometers will need to improve upon the state of the art, producing even higher fidelity spectra. This should be possible with improved environmental control, greater stability in the illumination of the spectrometer optics, better detectors, more precise wavelength calibration, and broader bandwidth spectra. Key data analysis challenges for the precision RV community include distinguishing center of mass (COM) Keplerian motion from photospheric velocities (time correlated noise) and the proper treatment of telluric contamination. Success here is coupled to the instrument design, but also requires the implementation of robust statistical and modeling techniques. COM velocities produce Doppler shifts that affect every line identically, while photospheric velocities produce line profile asymmetries with wavelength and temporal dependencies that are different from Keplerian signals. Exoplanets are an important subfield of astronomy and there has been an impressive rate of discovery over the past two decades. However, higher precision RV measurements are required to serve as a discovery technique for potentially habitable worlds, to confirm and characterize detections from transit missions, and to provide mass measurements for other space-based missions. The future of exoplanet science has very different trajectories depending on the precision that can ultimately be achieved with Doppler measurements.

EXPRES: A Next Generation RV Spectrograph in the Search for Earth-like Worlds

The EXtreme PREcision Spectrograph (EXPRES) is an optical fiber fed echelle instrument being designed and built at the Yale Exoplanet Laboratory to be installed on the 4.3-meter Discovery Channel Telescope operated by Lowell Observatory. The primary science driver for EXPRES is to detect Earth-like worlds around Sun-like stars. With this in mind, we are designing the spectrograph to have an instrumental precision of 15 cm/s so that the on-sky measurement precision (that includes modeling for RV noise from the star) can reach to better than 30 cm/s. This goal places challenging requirements on every aspect of the instrument development, including optomechanical design, environmental control, image stabilization, wavelength calibration, and data analysis. In this paper we describe our error budget, and instrument optomechanical design.

Final mechanical and opto-mechanical design of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory interferometer

Most subsystems of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) have progressed towards final mechanical design, construction and testing since the last SPIE meeting in San Diego - CA. The first 1.4-meter telescope has successfully passed factory acceptance test, and construction of telescopes #2 and #3 has started. The beam relay system has been prototyped on site, and full construction is awaiting funding. A complete 100-meter length delay line system, which includes its laser metrology unit, has been installed and tested on site, and the first delay line trolley has successfully passed factory acceptance testing. A fully operational fringe tracker is integrated with a prototyped version of the automated alignment system for a closed looping fringe tracking experiment. In this paper, we present details of the final mechanical and opto-mechanical design for these MROI subsystems and report their status on fabrication, assembly, integration and testing.

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory interferometer: first light and deployment of the first telescope on the array

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) has been under development for almost two decades. Initial funding for the facility started before the year 2000 under the Army and then Navy, and continues today through the Air Force Research Laboratory. With a projected total cost of substantially less than

Design and Construction of VUES: The Vilnius University Echelle Spectrograph

200M, it represents the least expensive way to produce sub-milliarcsecond optical/near-infrared images that the astronomical community could invest in during the modern era, as compared, for instance, to extremely large telescopes or space interferometers. The MROI, when completed, will be comprised of 10 x1.4m diameter telescopes distributed on a Y-shaped array such that it will have access to spatial scales ranging from about 40 milliarcseconds down to less than 0.5 milliarcseconds. While this type of resolution is not unprecedented in the astronomical community, the ability to track fringes on and produce images of complex targets approximately 5 magnitudes fainter than is done today represents a substantial step forward. All this will be accomplished using a variety of approaches detailed in several papers from our team over the years. Together, these two factors, multiple telescopes deployed over very long-baselines coupled with fainter limiting magnitudes, will allow MROI to conduct science on a wide range and statistically meaningful samples of targets. These include pulsating and rapidly rotating stars, mass-loss via accretion and mass-transfer in interacting systems, and the highly-active environments surrounding black holes at the centers of more than 100 external galaxies. This represents a subsample of what is sure to be a tremendous and serendipitous list of science cases as we move ahead into the era of new space telescopes and synoptic surveys. Additional investigations into imaging man-made objects will be undertaken, which are of particular interest to the defense and space-industry communities as more human endeavors are moved into the space environment. In 2016 the first MROI telescope was delivered and deployed at Magdalena Ridge in the maintenance facility. Having undergone initial check-out and fitting the system with optics and a fast tip-tilt system, we eagerly anticipate installing the telescope enclosure in 2018. The telescope and enclosure will be integrated at the facility and moved to the center of the interferometric array by late summer of 2018 with a demonstration of the performance of an entire beamline from telescope to beam combiner table shortly thereafter. At this point, deploying two more telescopes and demonstrating fringe-tracking, bootstrapping and limiting magnitudes for the facility will prove the full promise of MROI. A complete status update of all subsystems follows in the paper, as well as discussions of potential collaborative initiatives.

The MROI fringe tracker: closing the loop on ICoNN

In February 2014, the Yale Exoplanet Laboratory was commissioned to design, build, and deliver a high resolution (R=60,000) spectrograph for the 1.65m telescope at the Molėtai Astronomical Observatory. The observatory is operated by the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy at Vilnius University. The Vilnius University Echelle Spectrograph (VUES) is a white-pupil design that is fed via an octagonal fiber from the telescope and has an operational bandpass from 400nm to 880nm. VUES incorporates a novel modular optomechanical design that allows for quick assembly and alignment on commercial optical tables. This approach allowed the spectrograph to be assembled and commissioned at Yale using lab optical tables and then reassembled at the observatory on a different optical table with excellent repeatability. The assembly and alignment process for the spectrograph was reduced to a few days, allowing the spectrograph to be completely disassembled for shipment to Lithuania, and then installed at the obse...

The MROI fringe tracking system: camera hardware modifications to integrate the SAPHIRA detector

The characterization of ICoNN, the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometers fringe tracker, through labor tory simulations is presented. The performance limits of an interferometer are set by its ability to keep the optical path difference between combination partners minimized. This is the job of the fringe tracker. Understanding the behavior and limits of the fringe tracker in a controlled environment is key to maximize the science output. This is being done with laboratory simulations of on-sky fringe tracking, termed the closed-loop fringe experi ment. The closed-loop fringe experiment includes synthesizing a white light source and atmospheric piston with estimation of the tracking error being fed back to mock delay lines in real-time. We report here on the progress of the closed-loop fringe experiment detailing its design, layout, controls and software.

Fringe modulation for an MROI beam combiner

The ICoNN (Infrared Coherencing Nearest Neighbors) fringe tracker system is the heart of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI). It operates in the near-infrared at H or Ks in such a way that the light being used by the fringe tracker can phase up the interferometric array, but not steal photons from the scientific instruments of the interferometer system. It is capable of performing either in group delay tracking or fringe phase tracking modes, depending on the needs of the scientific observations. The spectrograph for the MROI beam combiner was originally designed for the Teledyne PICNIC array. Developments in detector technology have allowed for an alternative to the original choice of infrared array to finally become available – in particular, the SAPHIRA detector made by Selex. Very low read noise and very fast readout rates are significant reasons for adopting these new detectors, traits which also allow relaxation of some of the opto-mechanical requirements that were needed for the PICNIC chip to achieve marginal sensitivity. This paper will discuss the opto-mechanical advantages and challenges of using the SAPHIRA detector with the pre-existing hardware. In addition to a design for supporting the new detector, alignment of optical components and initial testing as a system are reported herein.

The MROI fringe tracker: first fringe experiment

We report on the testing of the modulators within the MROI fringe tracking beam combiner. Modulation in the beam combiner will be performed via modulators introducing an optical path difference in increments of λ/4 into the beams. Knowledge of the path difference introduced needs to be accurate to within 1!. To achieve this accuracy, the modulators are characterized and the desired step waveform optimized through a Fourier analysis technique. Control is implemented in an FPGA embedded system and performance will be monitored by means of a slow loop Fourier algorithm. Details of the progress on characterization, optimization and future implementation are presented here.

The MROI fringe tracker: laboratory tracking with ICONN

The MROI fringe tracking beam combiner will be the first fringe instrument for the interferometer. It was designed to utilize the array geometry and maximize sensitivity to drive the interferometer for faint source imaging. Two primary concerns have driven the design philosophy: 1) maintaining high throughput and visibilities in broadband polarized light, and 2) mechanical stability. The first concern was addressed through tight fabrication tolerances of the combiner substrates, and custom coatings. In order to optimize mechanical stability, a unique modular design approach was taken that minimizes the number of internal adjustments. This paper reports initial laboratory fringe and stability measurements.