Udaybir Singh

Influence of jasmonic acid as potential activator of induced resistance against Karnal bunt in developing spikes of wheat

Induction of defense response against Karnal bunt (KB) by suppressing the pathogenesis was observed upon exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) as evident from decrease in the coefficient of infection and overall response value in both susceptible and resistant varieties of wheat. The ultra-structural changes during disease progression showed the signs of programmed cell death (PCD). However, JA strengthened the defense barrier by enhancing the lignifications of cell walls as observed in spikes of both varieties by histochemical analysis. Compared to the plants inoculated with pathogen alone, plants of resistant line (RJP) first treated with JA followed by inoculation with pathogen showed more lignifications and extracellular deposition of other metabolites on cells, which is supposed to prevent mycelial invasions. Contrary to this, susceptible (SJP) lines also showed lignifications but the invasion was more compared to resistant line. Induction of protease activity was higher in resistant variety than its corresponding susceptible variety. The protease activity induced during the colonization of the pathogen and its proliferation inside the host system gets inhibited by JA treatment as demonstrated by the quantitative and in-gel protease assay. The results indicate the role of JA signalling in inhibiting the proteases due to expression of certain protease inhibitor genes. SDS-PAGE analysis shows differential gene expression through induction and/or suppression of different proteins in wheat spikes of resistant and susceptible varieties under the influence of JA. Thus, exogenously applied JA provides the conditioning effect prior to the challenge of infection and induces defense against KB probably by maintaining a critical balance between proteases and protease inhibitors and/or coordinating induction of different families of new proteins.

Design of a Triode Magnetron Injection Gun for a 1-MW 170-GHz Gyrotron

A triode magnetron injection gun (MIG) is designed for a 1-MW 170-GHz gyrotron, which will be used in an electron cyclotron resonance heating system for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. The initial design of MIG is performed by using the in-house code MIGSYN. For the electron-beam emission and propagation, the 2-D code EGUN is implemented. The transverse-to-axial velocity ratio α is 1.37, and the transverse velocity spread less than 4% is realized. The results are also validated against two other 2-D and 3-D codes, i.e., TRAK and CST-Particle Studio, respectively, which are in close agreement. From the fabrication and operation point of view, the parametric analysis and misalignment study of electron beam are also performed.

Analysis of parasitic oscillations in 42 GHz gyrotron beam tunnel

Parasitic oscillation excitation analysis has been carried out for the 42 GHz gyrotron beam tunnel. This article presents a systematic approach for the analysis of parasitic oscillation excitation. The electron trajectory code EGUN has been used for the estimation of the electron beam parameters in the beam tunnel. The electromagnetic simulation code CST-MS has been used for the eigenmode and Q value analysis. The analysis of the parasitic oscillations has been performed for the symmetric TE modes and the first three cavity side copper rings. Four different approaches- the Q value study, the mode maxima-electron beam radius mismatching, the electron cyclotron frequency-mode excitation frequency mismatching and the backward wave interaction analysis- have been used for the parasitic oscillation analysis.

P3-1: Design of 42 GHz, 200 kW Gyrotron

The design of 42 GHz, 200 kW Gyrotron has been carried out using in-house and commercially available softwares. A triode type MIG has been designed using EGUN code and three in house developed codes MIGSYN, GINTMESH and MIGANS respectively. A weakly tapered interaction cavity has been designed to excite TE03 operation mode. A software GCAVSYN has been developed to synthesize the cavity geometry and selection of the operating mode. The cold cavity analysis was carried out using commercially available PIC code MAGIC. An axial output power above 200 kW has been obtained at the guiding magnetic field 1.60T–1.65T. The behavior of generated rf power in beam tunnel has been simulated using the CST Microwave Studio and Ansoft HFSS. The different lossy ceramics have been studied for reflection, transmission and absorption. A good agreement has been found in the simulated results from both the software. The design of collector has been optimized to achieve the maximum beam spread.

Cold cavity analysis for 35 GHz gyrotron interaction cavity using free space method

The interaction cavity simulated, designed and fabricated for the 35 GHz gyrotron is verified experimentally. Free space method for the Q value and resonant frequency measurement is used in the experiments. The WR22 waveguide based antenna system, Agilent Vector Network Analyzer are used as the experimental set-up in the cavity measurement. The simulation results for the same cavity are also obtained by using the electromagnetic simulator MAGIC for the comparison.

P3-14: Effect of beam tunnel geometry on electron beam parameters for 42 GHz Gyrotron

A triode type Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG) for a 200kW, 42GHz Gyrotron has been designed by using commercially available code EGUN. The design optimization of the beam tunnel has been done with the help of 3-D simulation software CST-Microwave Studio. This paper presents the effect of beam tunnel geometry on the electron beam parameters for 42 GHz gyrotron.

Congenital megalourethra with left ectopic megaureter and bulbar urethral stricture: A rare entity

Background and Aims: Cancer incidence rates are increasing in developed and developing countries. In Libya, it is vital for policymakers to know basic cancer epidemiology in each region of the country to design broad cancer prevention plans. This study aimed to determine the incidence rates (age-standardized) of different cancers in the western region of Libya. Materials and Methods: All histological proven cancer cases recorded in the cancer registry of Pathology Department at the Tripoli Medical Center (TMC) during the year 2009 were evaluated. Data were included demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, residence, date of diagnosis, and histopathological diagnosis, which were coded using the World Health Organizations International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision. Cancer cases from outside the western region of Libya were excluded from the study. The incidence rates of cancer cases were standardized with reference to the age and sex distribution of the total regional population of Libya which was calculated based on the real census performed by Libyan statistics authority in 2006. Results: A total of 1013 patients were diagnosed and registered with cancer at TMC. Male accounted for 48.3% (489 patients) of the cases, and females for 51.7% (524 patients), with M:F ratio of 1:1.07. The overall mean age (±standard deviation) at the time of the first diagnosis was 52.01 ± 20.36 years. The most frequent cancers in both genders were as follows: breast (10.8%), colorectal (10.7%), lung (9.2%), lymphoma (8.5%), and leukemia (8.3%), whereas in males, lung (14.1%), colorectal (11%), leukemia (9.4%), lymphoma (9%), and prostate 7.6%) and in females, breast (20.6%), colorectal (10.5%), lymphoma (8%), uterine (7.4%), and leukemia (7.3%). Conclusion: Breast cancer was the most common cancer in females and lung cancer in males followed by colorectal cancer in both sexes. The information presented in this study can contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of various cancers in Libya and consequently, it provide a useful guide for the decision-makers to construct efficacious decisions about cancer control in Libya.

Vacuum processing of 42 GHz, 200 kW CW/long-pulse gyrotron

For reliable operation of high power microwave sources such as high power gyrotron demands stringent vacuum conditions to be fulfilled. In this paper, the vacuum requirements of a 42 GHz, 200 kW CW/ long-pulse gyrotron has been presented and also includes requirement for its heat treatment and vacuum processing.