Udo Gross

Phospholipid-and fluorocarbon-containing cosmetic

The invention relates to a cosmetic for assisting the transport of oxygen in the skin, a process for its preparation and the use thereof. The problem with the known cosmetics is the inadequate oxygen supply to the skin and the adjoining tissue. The object of the invention is therefore to get through the horny layer of the skin and the epidermis by penetration processes in order to increase the oxygen concentration in the dermal area and adjoining tissue and to activate metabolic processes. According to the invention, this is effected by a cosmetic containing asymmetric lamellar aggregates, consisting of phospholipids and oxygen-laden fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, the amount of fluorocarbon being in the range from 0.2 to 100% weight/volume, in a carrier suitable for dermatological use. Preparation is effected by emulsification of the corresponding constituents, and use in ointments, creams, lotions, waters, alcoholic extracts, pastes, powders, gels, tinctures or on dressings and plasters or in a spray.

Studies on the conversion of 1,1,1-trichlorotrifluoroethane, chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane by catalytic oxidation, hydrolysis and ammonolysis

Catalytic hydrolysis and ammonolysis of CF3CCl3 (CFC-113a) and CF3CH2Cl (HCFC-133a) and oxidation of CF3CH3 (HFC-143a) were studied as possible routes to produce trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trifluoroethanol (TFE) or trifluoroethylamine (TFEA), respectively. Catalysts employed in this study included oxides/halides of Fe, Pd, Cs, Cu, Sn, supported on carbon, Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2, sulfated zirconia and fluoride supports like β-AlF3, and MgF2, as well as modified lanthanum phosphates. The reaction temperatures were varied from 100 to 450 °C, under these conditions CF3CCl3 and CF3CH2Cl could be hydrolysed giving trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoroethanol, respectively, in moderate yields, however all other reactions yielded predominantly CF2CHCl. Optimum conditions were identified for obtaining TFA over Fe/C catalyst by hydrolysis of CFC-113a, and for TFE by hydrolysis of HCFC-133a over alkaline modified lanthanum phosphate.

Aspects of chemical and physical properties of perfluorochemicals and their emulsions

Abstract Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) dissolve ca. 40–50 vol % of oxygen and ca. 100–150 vol % of carbon dioxide. According to experiments and calculations, the physical solubility of oxygen cannot exceed 60 vol %. Emulsions of perfluorochemicals are used as oxygen carriers instead of blood. The surfactant most frequently used is Pluronic F-68, often with adjunction of yolk phospholipids, as in the case of Fluosol DA. These emulsions are difficult to formulate, it requires a high amount of energy, ultrasonic vibrations or pressure homogenization for instance, and a certain concentration of free surfactant. Even then stability is not assured, and the emulsions must be stored frozen. PFCs containing heteroatoms, especially in cyclic molecules form more stable emulsions. Therefore tailor-made PFCs are of interest. The possibilities for synthesis of these compounds are limited. By application of more effective surfactants emulsions can be prepared with contents of PFCs up to 50 vol %. These emulsions enable a better O 2 -delivery and have lower viscosities and smaller particle sizes.

Perfluoroheptene-1; nucleophilic reactions and mechanism

Abstract n-Perfluoroheptene-1 is a reactive terminal F-olefin, sensitive to nucleophiles. The reactions with oxygen-[1], sulfur-[2], nitrogen- and carbon- nucleophiles have been investigated and the formed structures are determined. According to the general formula allylic substitution can be observed besides addition. Only in the case of the carbon nucleophiles butyllithium and sodium malonate vinylic substitution takes place contrary to the reactions mentioned above. The reaction kinetics of F-heptene with phenolate is of 2. order with a rate constant of 5,2.10 −2 1/mol s. In connection with trapping experiments a two step addition-elimination process via a carbanion intermediate is proposed as mechanism. From the viewpoint of stereochemistry trans addition gives mainly the favoured e-isomer. Structural identification was done by full 19 F-NMR analysis with vibrational spectroscopic investigations in addition. Hydrolysis of F-heptene-1 in strong alkaline aqueous solution yields in the first stepαH-F-heptancarboxylic acid, which undergoes subsequent dehydrofluorination, decarboxylation etc. Some of the reaction products mentioned represent a new type of very active fluorosurfactants [3].

The radiation-chemical degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene to low-molecular and functionalized perfluorinated compounds

Abstract The action of high energy radiation of relatively low dose in presence of reactive substances leads to a finely grained PTFE powder with functional groups, which can be mixed easily with liquids, solutions and polymers. The degradation of PTFE by high energy radiation with a high dose in presence of oxygen forms among other compounds perfluorinated carboxylic acids, whereas in inert atmosphere mixtures of perfluorinated alkenes and alkanes of different chain length ranges are obtained. An apparatus conception of a continuous degradation of PTFE was developed. Irradiation of perfluorinated alkanes and of gaseous degradation products of PTFE leads to a significant increasing of the yield of perfluorinated alkenes. Mechanisms of reactions are discussed. Recombinations of radicals obtained by irradiation form branched molecules. The reactions are diffusion controlled. Irradiation of high molecular PTFE leads to low branching. The degree of branching of molecules increases in correlation to decrease of viscosity of the reaction medium. Compounds with the highest degree of branching are obtained with the irradiation of gaseous perfluorocarbons, and reactions of increase of the carbon chain are observed in this case in a high extent.

New surfactants for preparing perfluorocarbonemulsions

Abstract For the preparation of finedispersed stable emulsions the following prerequisites in regard to the emulsifier have to be noticed seriously from the viewpoint of surface chemistry: • Surface and interface tensions σ, γ. • Time dependence of γ as to judge diffusion rates. • Wetting and spreading on a low energy surface proved by contact angle ⊖. • Mechanical-rheological stability of adsorbed films on droplets examined by light absorption (optical density vs time) at 540 nm. In this respect the commonly used emulgator Pluronic F 68 has been investigated in comparison with the novel PFC-modified polyol emulgator prepared it ourselves [1]. Synthesis is done by reacting fluoroolefins and fluorinated carboxylic acid derivates, respectively with oligomer polyols according to