Ünal Özdemir

Turkish Women Seafarers and A Quastionnaire Study on Employment Situation

Throughout history, women have struggled to gain a place and establish their presence in social life. Mostly, they have continued their life in the position of carrying out family responsibilities. When women want to get involved in the business world, they are facing some problems arising from dogmatic thinking and prejudices, especially among the professions with ʺmale‐dominatedʺ judiciary. Maritime profession, one of the oldest professions in the world, was also regarded as a single‐gender area until the 20th century. However, in recent years, economical and political changes in the world, equal opportunity in education and incentive works of the International Maritime Organization have led women to work as seafarers. Although female seafarers constitute 2% of the world seafarers, this ratio is higher in developed countries than that of undeveloped or developing countries (URL‐1). There is very little information regarding women seafarers in general, including the actual population size. Most of studies focus on passenger ships or cruise ships, not cargo ships (Sohyun, 2010). It is difficult to find relevant studies regarding women seafarers in the world, including in Turkey. In Turkey, women have played an active role and gained an apparent identity in the maritime sector since the 2000s. According to 2015 data, Turkey is ranks the 14th in the world maritime trade with more than 27,6 million deadweight tonnage and manages 1530 vessels (UNCTAD, 2015). In Turkey, many studies related to the employment of seafarers are carried out as in the whole world. However, studies on the employment of women seafarers should be paid more attention. In this study, a questionnaire was carried out with the personnel department managers in Turkish shipping companies. Employment, career, educational status of female seafarers and the general difficulties they face were revealed. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 10

Investigation of Marine Pollution Caused by Ship Operations with DEMATEL Method

Ships have an important role in among the factors causing marine pollution. Marine pollution by ships damages sea life, which effects human health indirectly, in addition it restricts usage of sea for different purposes. Increasing comprehensive and compelling liabilities related with environmental components and subjects day by day are expected results for environmental science and engineering applications according to 60% of our responsibilities of European Union Integration development. In today’s’ world, where global warming is an issue of high priority and makes us feel its impacts in our lives, leaving a livable world to the next generations is now a primary goal for all. Determination of marine pollution caused by ship operations issue is a mu1tiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) problem, and requires MCDM methods to solve it. Therefore, the role of ship factor in maritime pollution and the possible reasons of this argument can be quantitatively evaluated based on expert knowledge and MCDM methodology. To investigate what makes to reduce the first “caused by ship operations ʺ in marine pollution, the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method approach was applied in this study. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 10