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In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant | 1979

Cell cultures derived from embryos and melanoma of poeciliid fish.

Claudia Kuhn; Ursula Vielkind; F. Anders

SummaryIn poeciliid fish, melanoma of different degrees of malignancy can be produced by crossing specific genotypes. For a detailed investigation of the processes leading to proliferation or differentiation of the melanoma cells, it is necessary to establish cell cultures. The aim of the present study was to find out the optimal conditions for initiating and culturing poeciliid fish cells for the purpose of establishing cell cultures of melanoma. The optimal method was developed by using small pieces of late embryos as starting material and includes: (a) dispersion of tissue by mild stepwise treatment with a trypsin-EDTA mixture at low temperature; (b) culture of cells in the complex medium 199; (c) supplementation of medium with high percentage (20%) of fetal bovine serum; and (d) stabilization of pH by buffering the medium with HEPES. Under these conditions, primary and secondary cultures of embryonic cells have been initiated. An epithelial-like cell line has been subcultured for more than 80 passages. The method developed for embryonic tissues was used to start cell cultures from melanoma of platyfish-swordtail hybrids. Until now, only cells of rapidly growing malignant albino melanoma could be maintained in primary cultures. Secondary cultures could not be initiated since the melanoma cells tended to differentiate and stopped growing before a confluent monolayer was formed.


Molecular Genetics and Genomics | 1982

The induction of a specific pigment cell type by total genomic DNA injected into the neural crest region of fish embryos of the genus Xiphophorus

J. Vielkind; Hertraut Haas-Andela; Ursula Vielkind; F. Anders

SummaryWe report genetic transformation in an intact higher organism, i.e., in xiphophorine fish. The gene to be transferred (Tu) is responsible for the formation of T-melanophores in the platyfish and is involved in the formation of melanomas in platyfish-swordtail hybrids. After injection of Tu-donor DNA into the neural crest region of embryos from Tu-free fish, some of the recipients developed T-melanophores. In a few cases, one or two single T-melanophores were formed during late embryogenesis. In most cases, many T-melanophores developed in young fish and were arranged in several colonies or in a pattern. DNase-degraded Tu-donor DNA, Tu-free fish DNA, as well as DNA from E. coli and adenovirus-2, did not induce T-melanophores. When using DNA from different strains of Tu-donor fish which differed in a regulating gene linked to Tu, the percentages of fish showing T-melanophores paralleled the degree of phenotypic expression of the Tu gene in the DNA donor. The results suggest that the Tu gene has been successfully transferred together with the linked regulating gene.


Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung | 1977

Melanogenesis in genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids: correlation between tyrosinase activity and degree of malignancy

Ursula Vielkind; W. Schlage; F. Anders

In the genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids, the degree of malignancy of pigment cells which have been neoplastically transformed by a tumor gene (Tu) depends on the type and number of certain regulating genes (R). In the present study, the tyrosinase activities in tumors of different degrees of malignancy (black spots, premelanomas, melanomas) have been determined. The results demonstrate a close correlation between the level of tyrosinase activity and the degree of malignancy. Spot patterns consisting of completely differentiated (benign) Tu-transformed cells show no tyrosinase activity. Premelanomas containing a few incompletely differentiated (malignant) Tu-transformed cells in addition to many differentiated ones show moderate tyrosinase activities. Melanomas which contain increasing numbers of incompletely differentiated cells with increasing growth rates show high to extremely high tyrosinase activities. Thus, the tyrosinase levels present in these tumors can be used as an indicator for the degree of differentiation and, thereby, for the degree of malignancy of the neoplastically transformed pigment cells. Bei den genetisch bedingten Pigmentzelltumoren der Zahnkarpfen ist der Malignitätsgrad der durch ein Tumorgen (Tu) neoplastisch transformierten Pigmentzellen abhängig von der Art und Anzahl bestimmter Regulationsgene (R). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Tyrosinaseaktivität in Tumoren unterschiedlicher Malignitätsgrade (schwarze Flekken, Prämelanome, Melanome) bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Höhe der Tyrosinaseaktivität streng mit dem Malignitätsgrad korreliert ist. Fleckenmuster, die aus vollständig ausdifferenzierten (benignen) Tu-transformierten Zellen bestehen, enthalten keine Tyrosinaseaktivität. Prämelanome, die neben ausdifferenzierten auch einige unvollständig differenzierte (maligne) Tu-transformierte Zellen enthalten, weisen eine geringe Tyrosinaseaktivität auf. Melanome, die mit zunehmender Wachstumsrate einen steigenden Anteil an unvollständig differenzierten Pigmentzellen enthalten, zeigen dagegen eine hohe bis sehr hohe Tyrosinaseaktivität. Die Höhe der Tyrosinaseaktivität in diesen Tumoren kann daher als Indikator für den Grad der Differenzierung und damit für den Grad der Malignität der neoplastisch transformierten Pigmentzellen dienen.


Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | 1971

Uptake of bacterial H3-DNA into fish embryos

J. Vielkind; Ursula Vielkind; Erdmuthe von Grotthuss; F. Anders

H3-DNA vonSalmonella typhimurium wurde in den Dotter vonPlatypoecilus maculatus-Embryonen injiziert und ihr Verbleib untersucht. Nach 45 Stunden findet man 45% der injizierten H3-DNA-Radioaktivität in der säurelöslichen Fraktion des Dotters. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an nimmt die Radioaktivität in der säureunlöslichen Fraktion der Embryonen ständig zu, bis nach 140 Stunden ein Wert von 50% erreicht ist. Der hohe Anteil an radioaktivem säurenunlöslichem Material im Dotter, der 140 Stunden nach der Injektion noch ca. 35% beträgt, lässt vermuten, dass hier noch hochmolekulare Bakterien-DNA vorhanden ist. Somit erscheint die Möglichkeit einer Aufnahme dieser hochmolekularen DNA in die Embryozellen nicht ausgeschlossen.


Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung | 1971

Electron microscopic studies on melanotic and amelanotic melanomas in xiphophorin fish

J. Vielkind; Ursula Vielkind; F. Anders

Electron microscopic studies on heritable melanomas in platyfish-swordtail hybrids reveal that the slowly growing melanotic melanomas of both pigmented and albino hybrids consist of well-differentiated cells, whereas the very rapidly growing melanotic melanomas of pigmented hybrids and amelanotic melanomas of albino hybrids consist of incompletely differentiated cells. There seems to be a correlation between the degree of cytological differentiation of the melanoma cell and the rate of tumor growth. Es wurden elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an genetisch bedingten Melanomen von Bastarden vonPlatypoecilus maculatus undXiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae) durchgeführt. Langsam wachsende melanotische Melanome von pigmentierten sowie von albinotischen Bastarden bestehen aus gut differenzierten Melanocyten und Macromelanophoren, während schnell wachsende Melanome von pigmentierten Bastarden sowie amelanotische Melanome von albinotischen Bastarden aus unvollständig differenzierten Melanocyten bestehen. Der Grad der cytoplasmatischen Differenzierung der Melanomzellen ist daher mit der Wachstumsrate der Melanome korreliert.


Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung | 1973

DNA synthesis in genetically determined melanomas of platyfish-swordtail hybrids.

J. Vielkind; Ursula Vielkind; F. Anders

Explants from genetically determined melanotic and amelanotic melanomas of platyfish-swordtail hybrids were cultivated in H3-thymidine-containing medium with or without additional amounts of amino acids. The incorporation of label into the DNA extracted from the explants was measured, and the DNA content per unit protein was determined. The results revealed a significant difference between the two melanoma types; the rate of DNA synthesis as well as the DNA to protein ratio of amelanotic melanoma explants was about twice that of melanotic ones. This is consistent with the results of earlier investigations which had shown that the amelanotic melanomas grow more rapidly and contain more incompletely differentiated cells than the melanotic ones. The data, furthermore, demonstrated that both melanoma types exhibit extreme individual variations in DNA synthesis and in the DNA to protein ratio. The present study failed to confirm the results of earlier autoradiographic studies which suggested that additional amounts of amino acids in the culture medium stimulate the incorporation of labeled thymidine into the melanoma DNA. The results of the present experiments on melanomas in vitro do not rule out the possibility that amino acids stimulate melanoma growth in vivo by initiating DNA synthesis and cell division of melanoma cells. Explantate von genetisch bedingten melanotischen und amelanotischen Melanomen von Zahnkarpfenbastarden wurden in H3-thymidinhaltigem Medium mit oder ohne zusätzliche Aminosäuren kultiviert. Der Einbau des H3-Thymidins in die DNA der Melanome wurde durch Messung der Radioaktivität in DNA-Extrakten verfolgt und der DNA-Gehalt pro Einheit Protein bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die beiden Melanomtypen sich merklich voneinander unterscheiden; sowohl die DNA-Syntheserate als auch das DNA-ProteinVerhältnis war bei den amelanotischen Melanomen etwa doppelt so hoch wie bei den melanotischen. Dies stimmt mit dem Befund früherer Untersuchungen überein, daß die amelanotischen Melanome schneller wachsen und einen höheren Anteil an unvollständig differenzierten Zellen aufweisen als die melanotischen Melanome. Die Ergebnisse zeigten außerdem, daß innerhalb eines Melanomtyps starke individuelle Unterschiede in der DNA-Syntheserate und im DNA-Protein-Verhältnis vorhanden sind. Sie konnten jedoch den Befund früherer autoradiographischer Untersuchungen, daß ein Zusatz von Aminosäuren zum Kulturmedium den Einbau von radioaktiv markiertem Thymidin in die DNA der Melanome stimuliert, nicht stützen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse an Melanomen in vitro schließen allerdings nicht aus, daß Aminosäuren in vivo das Melanomwachstum anregen, indem sie DNA-Synthese und Zellteilung der Melanomzellen begünstigen.


Journal of Tissue Culture Methods | 1983

Culture of embryos from viviparous fishes of the genusXiphophorus

Ursula Vielkind; J. Vielkind

A procedure is described for the in vitro culture ofXiphophorus embryos. The method permits the raising of embryos of viviparous fish species from an early stage of embryo-genesis (first somite formation) beyond the stage of birth and into fertile adults.


Journal of Experimental Zoology | 1976

Genetic control of cell differentiation in platyfish-swordtail melanomas.

Ursula Vielkind


Cancer Research | 1971

Melanotic and Amelanotic Melanomas in Xiphophorin Fish

J. Vielkind; Ursula Vielkind; F. Anders


Canadian journal of genetics and cytology | 1982

INVITATIONAL PAPER: MELANOMA FORMATION IN FISH OF THE GENUS XIPHOPHORUS: A GENETICALLY-BASED DISORDER IN THE DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF A SPECIFIC PIGMENT CELL

J. Vielkind; Ursula Vielkind

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F. Anders

University of Giessen

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