E Usang

Pediatric trauma in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges in overcoming the scourge.

All over the world, pediatric trauma has emerged as an important public health problem. It accounts for the highest mortality in children and young adults in developed countries. Reports from Africa on trauma in the pediatric age group are few and most have been single center experience. In many low-and middle-income countries, the death rates from trauma in the pediatric age group exceed those found in developed countries. Much of this mortality is preventable by developing suitable preventive measures, implementing an effective trauma system and adapting interventions that have been implemented in developed countries that have led to significant reduction in both morbidity and mortality. This review of literature on the subject by pediatric and orthopedic surgeons from different centers in Africa aims to highlight the challenges faced in the care of these patients and proffer solutions to the scourge.

Epidemiology of external birth defects in neonates in Southwestern Nigeria

BACKGROUND There is paucity of information on the prevalence of birth defects in Nigeria, particularly in our setting. This study determined the epidemiology of external congenital anomalies in Southwest Nigerian children. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a stratified, randomized study of neonates presenting with external birth defects in Ife-Ijesha in Southwestern Nigeria, from August 2003 to July 2004. The neonates were screened for obvious congenital malformations by thorough physical examination. RESULTS A total of 624 neonates were screened, 43 (6.9%) of whom had external birth defects (prevalence: 3.7 +/- 0.8% SD). There was a slight male preponderance (M: F= 1.4: 0.9). The overall prevalence rates of external congenital and major anomalies in Ife-Ijesa are 6.9 and 3.7% respectively. A higher prevalence for major malformations, 6.3%, was also found within the minority ethnic groups in these communities compared to the native majority. Musculoskeletal abnormalities are the most common anomaly, followed by those of abnormal external genitalia and head defects. CONCLUSION Major malformations are more common amongst the minority settlers in this study, and musculoskeletal abnormalities were the most prevalent.

Outcome of primary closure of abdominal wounds following typhoid perforation in children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Abdominal wounds following surgery for typhoid perforation are classified as dirty, with an infection rate of over 40%. To date, the optimal method for closure of these wounds remains controversial. Delayed primary closure which was conventionally recommended as standard practice, is now considered to be of no value in preventing surgical site infection (SSI). This study evaluates the outcome of primary closure of this class of wounds in children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and advocates a multidisciplinary wound management protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of children aged < 1-15 years who had had surgery for typhoid perforation in a teaching hospital in south western Nigeria, over a period of ten years. RESULTS Thirty-two patients, 18 males and 14 females, in the ratio of 1.3:1 were managed for typhoid perforation during the ten year period. All 32 patients had primary closure of their abdominal wounds. There was primary wound healing in six (18.8%) patients, while 19 (59.4%) patients had surgical site infections. Wound dehiscence, intraabdominal abscess, and faecal fistulas were the other complications documented in the study. CONCLUSION Abdominal wounds of typhoid perforation, though classified as being dirty, can be closed primarily with good healing outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach to wound management will reduce the incidence of wound sepsis and its associated morbidity and costs.

Day case inguinal hernia surgery in Nigerian children: Prospective study

BACKGROUND There has been an increase in day case surgery for children worldwide, but there have been few reports of the practice (most of them being retrospective) by many of the surgical sub-specialties in the sub-region. The aim of this study was to document our experience with day case inguinal hernia surgery in a developing economy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective study of uncomplicated inguinal hernias treated as day case at OAUTHC between April 2004 and December 2004. Data were collected and analysed. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients were recruited into the study and none defaulted. There were 88 patients, (M:F = 16.6:1). A majority (n = 54) of the hernias occurred on the right side, while just a few (n = 18) occurred on the left. There were 5 cases of wound infections giving an infection rate of 4.8%. In all, the morbidity following day case inguinal hernia surgery was slight and no patient required readmission into the hospital. CONCLUSION Day case inguinal hernia surgery in children is safe and well accepted by patients and parents alike. Health institutions in which children with inguinal hernias still queue for long periods for space on the operation list need to adopt day case surgery for inguinal hernia in order to forestall the risk of their obstruction.

Intussusception in children: Comparison between ultrasound diagnosis and operation findings in a tropical developing country.

Background: Intussusception is one of the more common causes of intestinal obstruction in children. The diagnosis may be based mainly on clinical features; however, there are no classic signs and symptoms that are common to all cases. This study reports our experience at US diagnosis and operation findings of children with intussusceptions in a tropical developing economy. Materials and Methods: This was an 8 years retrospective review of intussusceptions in children in a tertiary health facility in a tropical developing country from January 2004 to December 2011. Results: Twenty-five out of 41 children (M:F = 2.2:1) admitted with intussusceptions within the period were studied. The median age was 6.0 ± 5.57 months (range 3 months- 7 years). US positively diagnosed intussusceptions in 20 (80%) cases. Conclusion: US can increase diagnostic confidence in intussusceptions.

Dicephalus parapagus conjoined twins discordant for anencephaly: a case report

IntroductionCases of conjoined twins occur so rarely that it is important to learn as much as possible from each case.Case presentationWe present a case of 9-hour-old, female, Nigerian dicephalus parapagus conjoined twins discordant for anencephaly diagnosed only after the birth of the twins. The anencephalic twin was stillborn while the normal one died within 9 hours of birth from cardiopulmonary failure.ConclusionMany congenital defects of interest can now be detected before birth. A severe lesion such as that found in our index case, which is incompatible with postnatal life, requires counselling. If detected early enough during a properly monitored antenatal care, it may indicate termination of pregnancy.

Day case surgery in Nigerian children: influence of social circumstances of patients.

BACKGROUND In order to achieve good results in day surgery and avoid pitfalls, selection of appropriate procedures and patients is required with attention given to the social circumstances among other considerations. The aim of this prospective study therefore was to evaluate the influence of the social circumstances of the patients on the performance of day surgery practice in our environment. METHOD This was a prospective study carried out between April, 2004 and December, 2004, during which time 88 children aged 15 years and below with uncomplicated inguinal hernias were treated at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC). The parents of the patients were interviewed about their social circumstances to determine the possibility of compliance with postoperative instructions. The data generated were then analyzed. RESULTS More than half (54.6%) of the patients were from Ile-Ife. A few came from towns varying in distances from 65 to 80 km and spent an average time of 75 to 90 minutes to reach the hospital. Majority of the patients used public vehicles as a means of transport to and from the hospital in escort of their mothers. Despite the long distances and difficult traveling conditions, the parents still preferred day case surgery and were willing to obey postoperative instructions. CONCLUSION From the findings in this study, day case surgery in children in our environment is feasible, despite the poor social circumstances of most of them. There is, however a compelling need to raise the standard of living of the people to enable them benefit maximally from day case surgery.

Post-operative symptoms at home in children following day case surgery

Abstract Background: This prospective questionnaire-based study examined the post-operative symptoms encountered by children who underwent day case surgery at a dedicated day case surgery unit. The study evaluated the post-operative symptoms that occurred at home. The parents evaluated the instructions given in the hospital for care at home. Methods: All children aged 1 day -14 years, who were operated on over a one year period were prospectively followed up following elective day case surgery. The incidence and duration of symptoms occurring after discharge was evaluated, using a structured questionnaire completed by the parents. The instructions given in hospital for care at home were evaluated by the parents using a different questionnaire. Results: A total of 100 children were operated on during the period. Pain (72%), emetic symptoms (16%) and difficulty with walking(7%) were the commonest symptoms occurring on the way home. There were no unplanned re-admissions. Two- thirds of the parents did not know enough about the treatment of the wound and of the overall recovery of the child. Conclusions: Post operative symptoms following elective day case surgery are amenable to treatment and prevention with a wider use of available drugs.

Early results of the posterior saggital anorectoplasty in the treatment of anorectal malformations in Nigerian children

CONTEXT: The ultimate goal of reconstruction in anorectal malformations (ARM) in children, is to create a functional and anatomically aesthetic neoanus. AIMS: To document our experience with the technique of PSARP in ARM and the immediate anatomical and functional outcome SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective study 39 patients with high and intermediate ARM, managed by the posterior saggital approach, at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital in Ile Ife, Nigeria MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients bio-data were collected, as well as, the presentation, investigations, associated malformations, complications, average bowel opening per day and follow up. RESULTS: There were 17 males and 22 females (male: female ratio 1: 1.3). Twenty-three patients (59%) and 15 patients (38.5%), had intermediate and high malformations respectively, while 1(2.5%) had cloaca malformation. The mean age at presentation was 13.9±30.1 month (range 2 day to 15 years), while the mean age at PSARP was 21.6±29.9 months (range 2.5 days to 15 years). 3(7.6%) patients required laparotomy to mobilize the rectal pouch from the abdomen. Mucosal prolapse was the most common significant postoperative problem, occurring in 4(10.3%) patients. The average bowel motion was 3 times daily (range 1 to 8 times per day). CONCLUSIONS: The PSARP is a useful procedure for the correction of ARM, in children in developing countries, even in the absence of muscle stimulators. The immediate anatomical outcome is satisfactory, but functional results are difficult to access because of poor follow up.

Syndromic anorectal malformation associated with Holt-Oram syndrome, microcephaly, and bilateral corneal opacity: a case report.

BackgroundThe occurrence of an anorectal malformation with Holt–Oram syndrome, microcephaly, and bilateral corneal opacity is rare and to the best of our knowledge has not previously been reported in the literature. Hence, there is a need to document our experience in this case and learn as much as possible from it.Case presentationWe present the case of a Nigerian female neonate with a postnatal diagnosis of syndromic anorectal malformation associated with Holt–Oram syndrome, microcephaly, and bilateral corneal opacity. The infant had successful staged correction of her anorectal malformation but developed a metastatic Wilms’ tumor and died before other corrective procedures could be instituted.ConclusionsAn anorectal malformation is here reported to occur with Holt–Oram syndrome, an association that has not been reported previously. To enhance the prognosis and quality of life of children with syndromic anorectal malformation, prenatal ultrasound monitoring of high-risk pregnancies and expertise in prenatal detection of congenital anomalies are invaluable in antenatal care.