Usha Rani Singh

Elucidation of mechanism of action of Cassia auriculata leaf extract for its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Cassia auriculata traditionally has been used to treat diabetes from ancient times. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action for the antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of C. auriculata (CLEt) in streptozotocin-induced mildly diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) rats. CLEt was orally administered to MD and SD rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg once a day for 15 days. CLEt-treated MD and SD rats showed significant reduction in fasting blood glucose. Assessment of plasma insulin and C-peptide following treatment with CLEt revealed significant elevation in their levels. Administration of CLEt enhanced the activity of hepatic hexokinase and phosphofructokinase and suppressed glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in both MD and SD rats. A significant rise in glycogen content was also observed in both liver and muscles of CLEt-fed MD and SD rats. Histopathological examination of pancreatic sections revealed increased number of islets and beta-cells in CLEt-treated MD as well as SD rats. The findings of the study suggest that the antidiabetic effect of CLEt could be due to its insulinogenic action. In addition, impaired glucose homeostasis was improved by feeding the extract through amelioration in the carbohydrate metabolic pathways. Thus, the extract may exert an antidiabetic effect through pancreatic as well as extrapancreatic action.

Antidiabetogenic action of Morus rubra L. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objectives Researchers all over the world are exploring herbal supplements to control diabetes and its complications. This study evaluated the antidiabetic action of Morus rubra L. aqueous leaf extract through its effect on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats.

Cytomorphologic Patterns in Calmette Guerin Bacillus Lymphadenitis

OBJECTIVE To study the cytomorphologic patterns of Calmette Guerin bacillus (BCG) lymphadenitis and compare it to those of tuberculous lymphadenitis. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cytomorphologic study of 136 cases of clinically diagnosed BCG adenitis. All fine needle aspiration smears of lymphadenitis in the age group 2 months to 2 years during a three-and-half-year period were analyzed. RESULTS Three distinct cytomorphologic patterns were seen in 112 cases. They were acid-fast bacilli in a necrotic background (62), granulomas with necrosis (47) and granulomas in a reactive lymphoid background (3). CONCLUSION The cytomorphologic patterns in BCG lymphadenitis were similar to those seen in tuberculous lymphadenitis; however, an exudative response and high acid-fast bacillus positivity was seen more frequently in BCG lymphadenitis. Moreover, Ziehl-Neelsen staining helped to distinguish these cases from pyogenic abscesses.

Proliferating Trichilemmal Cyst: Report of Two Cases, One Benign and the Other Malignant

Proliferating trichilemmal cyst (PTC) is a rare but morphologically distinct tumor that usually arises on the scalp of elderly women. We report two cases of PTC, one benign and the other malignant. PTCs are well circumscribed, subepidermal lesions and demonstrate a uniform histologic pattern with varying degrees of cytological atypia. Malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst (MPTC) has features in common with benign proliferating trichilemmal cyst (BPTC), including a central area of abrupt keratinization and hyperplastic squamous epithelium forming solid areas. The diagnosis of MPTC is essentially based on histological features. The presence of a high mitotic rate, atypical mitosis, severe nuclear pleomorphism, and tumor invasion of the adjacent tissues are the essential histological features of malignancy in these unusual tumors. The therapeutic approach in malignant cases is the same as that in the treatment of BPTC: surgical removal with a wide clear margin. However, even with adequate resection, both tumors tend to recur locally.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the seminal vesicle

A case of leiomyosarcoma of the seminal vesicle detected as a prerectal mass on routine per‐rectal examination is described in a 37‐year‐old man. Computed tomography scan confirmed it to be arising from the right seminal vesicle. Per‐rectal trucut biopsy showed malignant cells. Radical cystoprostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy with anterior resection of rectum and urinary diversion with ileal conduit was performed. Microscopic examination of the resected specimen showed moderately differentiated leiomyosarcoma from the seminal vesicle. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and sandwiched radiotherapy. He is well and free of tumor 20 months after surgery.

Cytologic and histologic features of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of skin in the axilla: a case report.

BACKGROUND Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the skin is a rare tumor; its location in the axilla is rarer still. It closely mimics metastatic adenocarcinoma histologically. Owing to the good prognosis of the tumor, it is imperative that it is diagnosed or at least suspected to save the patient from unnecessary investigation and a radical treatment. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a very useful preoperative investigation for its diagnosis; however, cytologic description is not available in the literature so far. CASE A 50-year-old man presented to the outpatient surgery department with a lump in the left axilla for 6 months. FNAC of the lump was done. The cytologic smears were hypercellular, with loosely dispersed cells in a background of pale pink material. On high-power examination, cells were monomorphic with plasmacytoid appearance and no atypia. Occasional mitotic activity was seen. A possibility of appendageal tumor was suggested and excision biopsy advised. On subsequent biopsy a diagnosis of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the skin was made. CONCLUSION Because of the better prognosis of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the skin vis-a-vis metastatic adenocarcinoma; preoperative diagnosis is necessary. FNAC can serve as a rapid and accurate first-line investigation.

Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Active Principle Isolated from Eugenia jambolana in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antiatherosclerotic effect of active principle (FIIc) isolated from aqueous fruit pulp extract of Eugenia jambolana. Crude aqueous extract of E. jambolana was subjected to purification using chromatographic techniques which yielded purified active compound (FIIc). Purity of FIIc was tested by HPLC. Phytochemical investigation of FIIc by NMR, IR, and UV spectra showed that the purified compound is α-hydroxy succinamic acid. The streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats were fed atherosclerotic (Ath) diet containing 1.5 mL olive oil containing 8 mg (3, 20,000 IU) vitamin D2 and 40 mg cholesterol for 5 consecutive days. The STZ-induced diabetic rats receiving Ath diet were orally administered FIIc at doses of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, and results were compared with reference drug, that is, glibenclamide (600 μg/mg) and healthy control. 30-day treatment with FIIc resulted in significant (P < .001) improvement in blood glucose, serum lipid profile, apolipoproteins (Apo A1 and apoB100), and endothelial dysfunction parameters. Histomorphological studies also confirmed biochemical findings. Our results showed that FIIc has protective effect on hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis.

Extra-nodal Small Cell Lymphocytic Lymphoma of Prostate: An Unusual Cause of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Malignant lymphoma of the prostate is a rare occurrence. We describe a case of 60-year-old man presenting with acute urinary retention due to small cell lymphocytic secondary lymphoma of the prostate. We present the clinical manifestation of the disease emphasizing that all lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) cases should be evaluated for the potential that metastatic cancers or lymphomas may present with such a diagnosis. We also present and tabulate a detailed review of at least 5 such similar reports (in which LUTS was the presenting symptom) published in the English literature to date.

Cytologic diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in children by fine needle aspiration.

One hundred consecutively diagnosed cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis in children have been analysed retrospectively. All cases were stained by May Grunwald Giemsa for cytomorphology and Ziehl Neelsen stain for acidfast bacilli (AFB). In 52 cases the material was sufficient and AFB cultures were possible. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was made when smears showed epithelioid cell granulomas or AFB on either smears or culture. M. tuberculosis and atypical mucobacteria were cultured in 26 and 3 cases respectively. In 6 cases the diganosis of tuberculosis would have been missed but for culture studies, the cytologic smears were necrotic and stains for AFB negative.

Eosinophils, mast cells, nerves and ganglion cells in appendicitis

IntroductionTwenty to thirty percent appendices removed from patients with suspected appendicitis appear normal on histology. The cause of pain in these patients is unknown. The presence of eosinophils and mast cells should be looked at skeptically which may explain the cause of pain. The aim was to study the eosinophils, mast cells, nerves and ganglions in normal and inflamed appendices.Materials and methodsA total of 329 appendices including 192 case of acute appendicitis (group A), 94 cases of clinically acute but histologically normal appendices (group B), 13 cases of complementary/elective appendicectomies (group C) and 30 normal controls from medico-legal autopsies(group D), were studied for the presence of eosinophils, mast cells, nerves and ganglia in mucosa, submucosa and muscularis propria. Routine haematoxylin and eosin stained sections were used for eosinophils, nerves and ganglia and Toludine blue sections for mast cell counts. One way ANOVA and logistic regression was used for statistical analysisResultsThe mean eosinophil and mast cell counts were significantly higher in mucosa, submucosa and muscularis propria in Group A and B, when compared to group C+D. The number of nerves and ganglion cells were significantly higher in group A when compared to groups B and C+D. The correlation between eosinophil and mast cell count was not found to be statistically significant.ConclusionA significant increase in Eosinophils, mast cells, nerves and ganglion cells was seen in acute appendicitis. Increase in eosinophils and mast cells may explain the pain in histologicaly normal but clinically suspected acute appendicitis.