Uwe Verthein

Long-term effects of heroin-assisted treatment in Germany.

AIMS Trials in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Spain have found that heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) as maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent patients reduces illicit drug use. A German trial also found diamorphine treatment to be superior to methadone treatment. The present study describes the association between 2 years of heroin treatment and improvements in health and social stabilization, as well as illicit drug use. DESIGN A prospective cohort study design. PARTICIPANTS A total of 515 patients were assigned to diamorphine treatment; 278 patients remained in the study treatment for the entire period of 24 months (54.8%). MEASUREMENTS The results on physical (Opiate Treatment Index Health Symptoms Scale) and mental (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised Global Severity Index) health and illicit drug use (number of days with drug use within the last month-European Addiction Severity Index) were examined by repeated-measures analyses. FINDINGS Symptoms of physical (Pillais trace = 0.837, df = 4, P < 0.001) and mental health (Pillais trace = 0.450, df = 4, P < 0.001) improved during treatment. Street heroin use declined rapidly (Pillais trace = 0.836, df = 4, P < 0.001), as did cocaine use (Pillais trace = 0.280, df = 4, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HAT is associated with improvements in mental and physical health in the long term.

Drug Consumption Rooms in Hamburg, Germany: Evaluation of the Effects on Harm Reduction and the Reduction of Public Nuisance

In order to evaluate the impact of consumption rooms (CRs) on the promotion of health among drug users and the reduction of the public nuisance of drug use, a study examining CRs in three countries was carried out in 2000. The study, supported by the European Commission, examined CRs in Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Innsbruck (Austria), and Hamburg (Germany). This paper evaluates the findings from the study of Hamburg CRs. In order to get evidence-based information on the effects of CRs, 616 drug users in the Hamburg drug scene or in the vicinity of low-threshold institutions were investigated with a standardized questionnaire. Qualitative problem-centered interviews were also carried out with staff members of the CRs, and representatives from the community, including neighborhood residents, business people, police, and politicians. Research findings show that the Hamburg CRs reached the target group of drug users who practice risky behaviors and engage in public drug use. Findings also show that the Hamburg CRs lead to positive changes in health-related behavior for drug users. In addition, the findings indicate that the Hamburg CRs played an important role in the reduction of public disturbances in the vicinity of open drug scenes.

Significance of Comorbidity for the Long-Term Course of Opiate Dependence

Objective: Studies on drug dependence show a high prevalence of comorbidity with additional mental disorders. Comorbidity patients also show more poly-substance use and other psychosocial problems. This study analyzed the importance of comorbidity for the long-term course of opiate dependence. Method: 350 opiate-dependent patients were examined at yearly follow-ups over 4 years using the EuropASI for the assessment of drug-related problems and the CIDI for diagnostic of psychiatric disorders. 196 patients were reached at final follow up (56%). Results: Of the patients reached at final follow-up, 30% had severe, 29% mild and 41% no clinically relevant disorders at baseline. However, the linear relationship at baseline – the more severe the disorder, the greater the impairment through drug-related problems – was not present at final follow-up. The results show that lifetime diagnosis of mental disorder had no prognostic relevance for the long-term course of drug dependency. Conclusion: The assumption that opiate users with an additional mental disorder are more vulnerable in their course of addiction could not be confirmed.

Association of Personality Disorders, Family Conflicts and Treatment with Quality of Life in Opiate Addiction

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of the current status and longitudinal changes in different clinical and social variables with quality of life (QOL) in opiate addiction. Our hypotheses were that drug use, comorbid personality disorders and social problems are associated with worse QOL. Methods: 107 participants with long-term opiate addiction were included and interviewed at entry with the Europ-ASI and the PDQ-R. QOL (SF-36) and changes in different domains of the Europ-ASI were assessed after 2 years. Results: Personality disorders, interpersonal conflicts with the family or partner and ongoing need for somatic and psychiatric treatment were significantly associated with worse subjective QOL, whereas changes in drug and alcohol use, the economic situation, legal problems and social problems with persons outside of the family showed no relevant association with QOL. Conclusion: Our results provide support for an emphasis in treatment on helping clients to reduce intra- and interpersonal conflicts according to comorbid conditions and among family members and partnerships. In addition, the present data provide further support for the advantages of extended interventions in long-term opiate addiction.

Benzodiazepine use among patients in heroin-assisted vs. methadone maintenance treatment: Findings of the German randomized controlled trial

Benzodiazepine (BZD) use has been found to be associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment, higher levels of polydrug use and more risk-taking behaviors among opioid dependent patients. The aim of this paper is to analyze the correlation between BZD use, BZD prescription and treatment outcome among participants in the German trial on heroin-assisted treatment. 1015 patients who participated in the study comparing heroin-assisted and methadone maintenance treatment (HAT & MMT) for 12 months were included in the analysis. Analyses were carried out to assess the association of treatment outcome with baseline BZD use, with ongoing BZD use and with different patterns of BZD prescription. Baseline BZD use correlated with lower retention rates but not with poorer outcome. Ongoing BZD use correlated with poorer outcomes. Significantly better outcomes were found in the course of phobic anxiety symptomatology for those with regular prescription of BZD. The percentage of BZD positive urine tests decreased more in HAT than in MMT. Poorer outcome for benzodiazepine users may be mediated by a higher severity of addiction. Cautious prescribing of benzodiazepines may be beneficial due to the reduction of overall illicit use.

Physical and mental health in severe opioid-dependent patients within a randomized controlled maintenance treatment trial

AIMS To evaluate physical and mental health and compare treatment outcomes in opiate-dependent patients substituted either with heroin or methadone. DESIGN Twelve-month open-label randomized controlled trial. SETTING Out-patient substitution clinics in seven German cities. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1015 opiate-dependent individuals. MEASUREMENTS Opiate Treatment Index-Health Scale Score (OTI), Body Mass Index (BMI), serology for infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus as well as tuberculosis, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90-R), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Modular System for Quality of Life and study medication-related serious adverse events (SAE). FINDINGS Improvements were found in both heroin and methadone substituted patients regarding OTI, BMI, KPS, SCL-90-R, and GAF, but they were more pronounced for the heroin group (analysis of variance, all P = 0.000). The frequency of pathological echocardiograms decreased in the heroin group and increased in the methadone group (χ(2) test, <0.05). Markers for infectious diseases and frequencies of pathological ECGs did not differ between baseline and 12 months, or between treatment groups. Study medication-related serious adverse events, all of which were treated successfully, occurred 2.5 times more often in the heroin group. The majority of heroin-related SAEs (41 of 58) occurred within a few minutes of the injections. CONCLUSIONS The integration of severe injection drug users either in methadone or heroin-assisted maintenance treatment has positive effects on most physical and mental change-sensitive variables, with heroin showing superior results. Due to medication-related adverse events, patients should be observed for 15 minutes after a heroin injection.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Opiate Addicts

The present study investigates whether a correlation exists between mental symptoms and opiate dependency. During a 5-year follow-up study in Hamburg, of 350 opiate addicts who were in contact with the help system at the time of the initial investigation, 219 (63%) could be interviewed three times at 1-year intervals. The investigation instruments were standardized questionnaires such as EuropASI, CIDI, SCL-90-R and BDI. The general life situation of the investigated persons had, on the whole, improved in the course of the last 2–3 years. Drug consumption had markedly decreased. One third of the opiate addicts were in a comparatively good mental condition on all three survey interviews, for 17% there was a worsening of the condition, and for another 17% the negative mental condition was reinforced. A correlation can be established between mental disorders/symptoms and drug addiction or drug-related problems. The more unfavorable the course of the mental symptoms, the greater the problems of the client’s current life situation. There is also an overall relationship between increased drug consumption and mental symptoms like depressivity and anxiety, and the psychosocial functioning level. However, the expected correlations between mental disorders and the extent of drug consumption are not very marked. This indicates that specific constellations of drug consumption and mental disorders are not isolated but are related, as elements of a complex behavioral pattern, to the development of other life areas of the client.

Quality of Life Profiles and Changes in the Course of Maintenance Treatment Among 1,015 Patients With Severe Opioid Dependence

Introduction: Studies indicate that different areas of mental, physical, social and daily life functioning need to be considered in order to improve intervention outcomes in substance user patients. The aim of the study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients diagnosed with opioid dependence as compared to healthy controls and patients diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 1,015 outpatients diagnosed with opioid dependence were investigated during 12 months of maintenance treatment. HRQOL (MSQoL), addiction (EUROP-ASI), and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. Results: HRQOL in opioid dependence improved significantly (p < .001), but was lower as compared to that of healthy controls and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. HRQOL in opioid dependence comprises addiction-specific aspects, most importantly low material satisfaction, physical health, and social stability. Conclusions: HRQOL measurement provides valuable information for course and outcome in opioid dependence treatment.

Maintenance treatment for opioid dependence with slow-release oral morphine: a randomized cross-over, non-inferiority study versus methadone

Aims To compare the efficacy of slow-release oral morphine (SROM) and methadone as maintenance medication for opioid dependence in patients previously treated with methadone. Design Prospective, multiple-dose, open label, randomized, non-inferiority, cross-over study over two 11-week periods. Methadone treatment was switched to SROM with flexible dosing and vice versa according to period and sequence of treatment. Setting Fourteen out-patient addiction treatment centres in Switzerland and Germany. Participants Adults with opioid dependence in methadone maintenance programmes (dose ≥50 mg/day) for ≥26 weeks. Measurements The efficacy end-point was the proportion of heroin-positive urine samples per patient and period of treatment. Each week, two urine samples were collected, randomly selected and analysed for 6-monoacetyl-morphine and 6-acetylcodeine. Non-inferiority was concluded if the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) in the difference of proportions of positive urine samples was below the predefined boundary of 10%. Findings One hundred and fifty-seven patients fulfilled criteria to form the per protocol population. The proportion of heroin-positive urine samples under SROM treatment (0.20) was non-inferior to the proportion under methadone treatment (0.15) (least-squares mean difference 0.05; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.08; P > 0.01). The 95% CI fell within the 10% non-inferiority margin, confirming the non-inferiority of SROM to methadone. A dose-dependent effect was shown for SROM (i.e. decreasing proportions of heroin-positive urine samples with increasing SROM doses). Retention in treatment showed no significant differences between treatments (period 1/period 2: SROM: 88.7%/82.1%, methadone: 91.1%/88.0%; period 1: P = 0.50, period 2: P = 0.19). Overall, safety outcomes were similar between the two groups. Conclusions Slow-release oral morphine appears to be at least as effective as methadone in treating people with opioid use disorder.

Quality of life under maintenance treatment with heroin versus methadone in patients with opioid dependence

BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is associated with a successful treatment and better outcome in opioid addiction. The aim of the present study was the longitudinal investigation of HRQOL in patients with severe opioid dependence, who were randomly assigned to four groups of medical and psychosocial treatment: heroin (diacetylmorphine) versus methadone and case management (CM) versus psychoeducation (PSE) respectively. METHODS HRQOL (MSQoL) and physical health (OTI) were investigated in 938 subjects, who participated in the German multi-centre study examining the effects of heroin-assisted treatment in patients with severe opioid dependence. Data for the present analysis were taken from baseline and 12-month follow up. RESULTS Under both forms of maintenance and psychosocial treatment HRQOL improved significantly during the observation period. HRQOL improvement under maintenance with heroin exceeded improvement under methadone, especially with regard to subjective physical health. HRQOL improvement was significantly associated with better expert-rated physical health. Further analyses showed significant better improvement of HRQOL in subjects treated with PSE compared with CM. CONCLUSIONS The advantage of heroin with regard to the improvement of HRQOL may be partially explained by a better improvement of physical health under maintenance with heroin compared with methadone, which highlights the importance of a comprehensive model of health care for patients with severe opioid dependence. Future studies need to investigate the benefits of PSE for patients in maintenance therapy.