V. A. Savel’ev

A lidar method for determining internal wave characteristics

An analytical model of lidar imaging of pycnoclinic internal waves (IWs) is developed. The IW image is shown to represent a superposition of two images: reflective and shadow. The former reflects perturbations in the profile of the light backscattering coefficient in the IW field, and the latter reflects perturbations in the optical thickness of the water layer, in which the IW disturbed the horizontal uniformity of optical characteristics. Algorithms for reconstructing the IW field from these images are proposed. It is shown that the shadow image, unlike the reflective one, is insensitive to fine details of the profiles of hydrooptical characteristics and can be used for determining IW parameters on the basis of very rough data on optical properties of water. The possibility of determining the mode composition as well as the lengths and amplitudes of IW modes is demonstrated by using the Barents Sea as an example and invoking actual and simultaneously measured profiles of the water density and light attenuation coefficient.

Prospects of electric-energy cooperation between Russia and northeast Asian countries

The article shows trends in the development of interstate electrical connections and interconnections around the world and potential energy-economic effects of their creation. The current situation and problems of the functioning of the electric-power industry in northeast Asian countries, including eastern regions of Russia, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and their potential role in formation of interstate power interconnection in the region has been analyzed. The potential directions and projects of transboundary power transmission between national and local electric energy systems of these countries have been shown. The role of renewable power sources (water, wind, and solar energy) in the development of interstate electrical connections and interconnections, including the Asian Super Grid interconnection, is analyzed.

Reaction of 5-nitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexane] 1,3-dioxide with electrophilic reagents: Bromine and nitric acid

Reactions of 5-nitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexane] 1,3-dioxide with bromine and nitric acid lead to the electrophilic substitution of the hydrogen atom in the meta-position with respect to the nitro group. At thebromination the primarily formed 4-bromo-6-nitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexane] 1,3-dioxide when kept in the solution loses an oxygen atom forming 4-bromo-6-nitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexane] 1-oxide and an isomerization product, 8-bromo-6-nitrospiro[3H-[2,1,4]benzoxadiazine-3,1′-cyclohexane] 4-oxide. The latter exposed to light turns into 4-bromo-6-nitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexane] 1,3-dioxide. The reaction of the initial 1,3-dioxide with nitric acid afforded 4,6-dinitrospiro[benzimidazole-2,1′-cyclohexan]-7-ol 1-oxide whose heating in o-dichlorobenzene resulted in 3,5-dinitro-1,8-diazatricyclo[7.5.0.02,7] tetradeca-2(7),3,5,8-tetraen-6-ol.

System and management problems of the electric power industry’s development in Russia

The current management system of Russia’s electric power industry’s development, including industry regulatory documents and mechanisms by which generating capacities are built up, is considered in the article. The management problems of the industry’s development are analyzed. Ways of its further improvement are suggested.

Synthesis of nucleosides containing a photolabile 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl group

At present, DNA biochips are widely used in medicine as diagnostic systems [1, 2]. Oligonucleotide biochips are often obtained with the aid of photolabile protecting groups [3–7]. The latter should be stable under the conditions of oligonucleotide synthesis but should be readily removed by photolysis without involving the protected moiety. A widely used photolabile protecting group is the o-nitrobenzyl group [3, 8–10]. The goal of the present work was to extend the series of nucleosides protected by the photolabile 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl group and containing readily removable protecting groups in the aromatic heteroring, which can subsequently be used in the design of oligonucleotide biochips. We have synthesized previously unknown nucleosides 4–7. Compounds 4 and 5 were obtained by acylation of 2′-deoxyguanosine and 2′-deoxyadenosine with phenoxyacetyl chlorides 1 and 2, respectively. Nucleosides 6 and 7 protected by photolabile 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl groups were synthesized by treatment of compounds 4 and 5, respectively, with 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propyl chloroformate (3) which was prepared as described in [10]. Compounds 6 and 7 were isolated as mixtures of diastereoisomers. ISSN 1070-4280, Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2015, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 141–144.

Justification of Effectiveness of International Power Interconnections with Separation of Effects between Participants

We consider the methodology and describe the tools needed for a system study of the effectiveness of the development of international power links and the interconnections that are formed as a result, in particular from the point of view of the countries included in them. We give examples where we justify the effectiveness of an international interconnection in the Northeast Asia region.

Formation of ω-(4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)alkanamides in the Beckmann rearrangement of spiro-fused cycloalkanone oximes

Abstractω-(4-Oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)alkanamides were obtained from cycloalkanone oximes spirofused to 4-oxo-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine fragment through the α-carbon atom and C2, respectively, on heating in polyphosphoric acid. The resulting amides were converted to the corresponding acids and methyl esters. Methylation of 5-(6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)pentanamide with diazomethane gave 4-methoxypyridine derivative as the major product and a small amount of N-methyl derivative, 5-(1,6-di-methyl- 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)pentanamide.

Photochemical cyclocondensation of 1-arylthio-2-azidoanthraquinones with phenols

Photolysis of 1-arylthio-2-azidoanthraquinones in DMSO in the presence of phenols leads to the formation of 5H-naphtho[2,3-c]phenothiazine-8,13-diones, in which the nitrogen atom is covalently bonded with the phenyl ring of the introduced phenol. As a result, poorly available polycyclic phenothiazine derivatives were obtained in one step in high yields. The cyclo-condensation with phenols was found to proceed only photochemically.

Photogenerator of trichloroacetic acid as a promising detritylation agent for oligonucleotide microarray synthesis

Abstract[[4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitro-phenyl](phenyl)methyl]-2,2,2-trichloroacetate, which generates trichloroacetic acid when irradiated with light of 405 nm wavelength, has been studied as a detritylation agent in the oligonucleotide microarray synthesis. This agent was shown to be suitable for the deprotection of the 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl group during the solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis.

Synthesis of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde

Photoacid generators capable of undergoing decomposition under irradiation with visible light are very important for efficient oligonucleotide microarray fabrication. In this case, there are no detrimental effect of UV irradiation on growing oligonucleotide chain and related side reactions leading to degradation of targeted oligonucleotides [1, 2]. An important intermediate product in the synthesis of photoacids necessary for the preparation of oligonucleotide bioarrays is 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde, which was previously synthesized by oxidation of 2-bromomethyl-5(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dinitrobenzene (I) with bis(tetrabutylammonium) dichromate on prolonged heating in boiling chloroform; however, the yield of II was as poor as 23% [2]. The goal of the present work was to develop a procedure which could be the most convenient for the preparation of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde. The transformation of benzyl halides into the corresponding aldehydes is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry [3–5]. Benzyl halides can be converted into aldehydes via oxidation according to Kornblum [4]. However, the Kornblum oxidation of benzyl bromide I in DMSO in the presence of NaHCO3 (Scheme 1) gave a mixture of aldehyde II and alcohol III at a ratio of ~2 : 1 (cf. [6]). By oxidation of that mixture with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) in methylene chloride we succeeded in obtaining aldehyde II in 90% yield. Variation of the reaction conditions made it possible to synthesize alcohol III in 94% yield from compound I, and the subsequent oxidation of III with PCC quantitatively afforded aldehyde II. In addition, benzyl halides can be converted into aldehydes according to Krohnke [5]. The reaction of pyridinium salt IV with N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline hydrochloride and subsequent hydrolysis of Schiff ISSN 1070-4280, Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 1089–1091.