V. F. Batyaev

Cross-sections for nuclide production in 1-GeV proton-irradiated Pb-208

114 cross sections for nuclide production in a 1.0 GeV proton-irradiated thin 208Pb target have been measured by the direct gamma spectrometry method using a high-resolution Ge detector. The gamma spectra were processed by the GENIE-2000 code. The ITEP-developed SIGMA code was used together with the PCNUDAT nuclear decay database to identify the gamma lines and to determine the cross sections. The 27Al(p,x)22Na reaction was used to monitor the proton flux. Results of a feasibility study of the auxiliary 27Al(p,x)24Na and 27Al(p,x)7Be monitor reactions in the 0.07-2.6 GeV proton-energy range are presented as well. Most of the experimental data have been analyzed by the LAHET (with ISABEL and Bertini options), CEM95, CEM2k, INUCL, CASCADE, CASCADE/INPE, and YIELDX codes that simulate hadron-nucleus interactions.

Cross sections for nuclide production in a Fe-56 target irradiated by 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2600 MeV protons compared with data on a hydrogen target irradiated by 300, 500, 750, 1000, and 1500 MeV/nucleon Fe-56 ions

This work presents the cross sections for radioactive nuclide production in Fe-56( p, x) reactions determined in six experiments using 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2600 MeV protons of the externa ...

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in natW and 181Ta targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin natWand 181Ta targets irradiated by 0.04–2.6-GeV protons have been measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV in the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 1895 yields of radioactive residual product nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data have been compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in 93Nb and natNi targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin 93Nb and natNi targets irradiated by 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons have been measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV in the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 1112 yields of radioactive residual nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data have been compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Verification of high-energy transport codes on the basis of activation data

High-energy transport codes (HETCs) based on various versions of nuclear reaction models [generally, an intranuclear cascade model (INC) followed by different deexcitation models] are widely used in many nuclear centers for the analysis of experimental data, for calculations of nuclear accelerator shielding, and for design of new nuclear facilities. Each of the available codes was developed originally for well-specified tasks and the model parameters were estimated on the basis of fitting the corresponding data. With an expansion of tasks,

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated by 0.04–2.6-GeV protons are measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV for the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 649 yields of radioactive residual product nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data are compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Double-differential cross sections for the production of neutrons from Pb, W, Zr, Cu, and Al targets irradiated with 0.8-, 1.0-, and 1.6-GeV protons

Experimental results obtained by determining the double-differential cross sections for neutron production in Pb, W, Zr, Cu, and Al targets irradiated with 0.8-, 1.0-, and 1.6-GeV protons are presented. The spectra of neutrons were measured at 15°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150° with a time-of-flight spectrometer by using a proton beam extracted from the 10-GeV synchrotron at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP, Moscow). The neutrons are recorded with 5MAB-1F6BC501A/5L liquid scintillation detectors and NE110 solid-state scintillators. The experimental data in question are compared with the results of simulations based on the CEM97, LAHET, and CASCADE codes.

Benchmarking Ten Codes Against the Recent GSI Measurements of the Nuclide Yields from 208Pb, 197Au, and 238U + p Reactions at 1 GeV/nucleon

A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the recent GSI measurements of the nuclide yields from 208 Pb and 238U at 1 GeV/nucleon and 197Au at 800 MeV/nucleon interactions with protons with the codes LAHET (with both ISABEL and Bertini options), CEM95, CEM97, CEM2k, CASCADE, CASCADE/INPE, YIELDX, HETC, and INUCL is presented The predictive power of these codes is reasonable for nuclides in the near spallation region but is worse for deep spallation and much worse in the fission region. None of these codes agree well with the data in the whole mass region of product nuclides and all must be improved to become reliable tools for accelerator-driven applications.

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for the production of 148Gd in thin natW and 181Ta targets irradiated with 0.4- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for the production of 148Gd in natW and 181Ta targets irradiated by 0.4-, 0.6-, 0.8-, 1.2-, 1.6-, and 2.6-GeV protons at the ITEP accelerator complex have been measured by direct α spectrometry without chemical separation. The experimental data have been compared with the data obtained at other laboratories and with the theoretical simulations of the yields on the basis of the BERTINI, ISABEL, CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, CASCADE07, and PHITS codes.

Induced radioactivity problem for high-power heavy ion accelerators: Experimental investigation and long-time predictions

The experimental results of the activation spectra, dose rate measurements, and the residual nuclide production cross sections obtained after the irradiation of the Nat Cu and 59 Co targets by 12 C ion beams at ITEP and GSI are presented in this paper. These results are compared with simulations by the CASCADE and LAQGSM codes.