V.S. Cheptsov

Microbial activity in Martian analog soils after ionizing radiation: implications for the preservation of subsurface life on Mars

At present, the surface of Mars is affected by a set of factors that can prevent the survival of Earth-like life. However, the modern concept of the evolution of the planet assumes the existence more favorable for life climate in the past. If in the past on Mars had formed a biosphere, similar to the one that originated in the early Earth, it is supposed that it is preserved till now in anabiotic state in the bowels of the planet, like microbial communities inhabiting the ancient permafrost of Arctic and Antarctic. In the conditions of modern Martian regolith, this relic life seems to be deprived of the possibility of damage reparation (or these processes occur on a geological time scale), and ionizing radiation should be considered the main factor inhibiting such anabiotic life. In the present study, we studied soil samples, selected in two different extreme habitats of the Earth: ancient permafrost from the Dry Valleys of Antarctica and Xerosol soil from the mountain desert in Morocco, gamma-irradiated with 40 kGy dose at low pressure (1 Torr) and low temperature (−50 °C). Microbial communities inhabiting these samples showed in situ high resistance to the applied effects, retained high number of viable cells, metabolic activity, and high biodiversity. Based on the results, it is assumed that the putative biosphere could be preserved in the dormant state for at least 500 thousand years and 8 million years in the surface layer of Mars regolith and at 5 m depth, respectively, at the current level of ionizing radiation intensity.

Application of ATR spectroscopy for astrobiological investigations aboard planetary landers

We propose the use of infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy aboard landers for contact astrobiological soil research on terrestrial planets. The method is based on the absorption bands inherent to biological macromolecules (proteins, DNA/RNA, and carbohydrates). It is also applicable to mineralogical studies of soil, dust, and atmospheric precipitation; the use of balloons (e.g., on Venus) adds aerosols to this list. The optimal spectral range seems to be 2.5–25 μm; the optimal spectral resolution, about 10 cm–1.