Valérie Mazan

Experimental connections between aqueous–aqueous and aqueous–ionic liquid biphasic systems

Aqueous–ionic liquid (A–IL) biphasic systems containing deuterated water, deuterated nitric acid (10−2 M to 7 M) and either [C1C4im+][Tf2N−], [C1C10im+][Tf2N−] or [Me3BuN+][Tf2N−] have been examined in terms of water and acid solubilities in the IL-rich phase and in terms of IL cation and anion solubilities in the water-rich phase. Other experiments focused on the IL cation and anion solubility in the water-rich phase upon addition of either [C1C4im+][Cl−] or [Li+][Tf2N−]. The results evidence a complex interplay between all negatively and positively charged ions of the samples that could be described following the usual approach used for aqueous–aqueous (A–A) biphasic systems. Other examples from the literature are discussed and demonstrate that the frontier between A–A and A–IL systems is questionable. Predictions are made for the extraction of metallic ions by use of biphasic systems in this work that are successfully compared to literature data.

Insights into the Mechanism of Extraction of Uranium (VI) from Nitric Acid Solution into an Ionic Liquid by using Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate

We present new results on the liquid-liquid extraction of uranium (VI) from a nitric acid aqueous phase into a tri-n-butyl phosphate/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TBP/[C4 mim][Tf2 N]) phase. The individual solubilities of the ionic-liquid ions in the upper part of the biphasic system are measured over the whole acidic range and as a function of the TBP concentration. New insights into the extraction mechanism are obtained through the in situ characterization of the extracted uranyl complexes by coupling UV/Vis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. We propose a chemical model to explain uranium (VI) extraction that describes the data through a fit of the uranyl distribution ratio DU . In this model, at low acid concentrations uranium (VI) is extracted as the cationic complex [UO2 (TBP)2 ](2+) , by an exchange with one proton and one C4 mim(+) . At high acid concentrations, the extraction proceeds through a cationic exchange between [UO2 (NO3 )(HNO3 )(TBP)2 ](+) and one C4 mim(+) . As a consequence of this mechanism, the variation of DU as a function of TBP concentration depends on the C4 mim(+) concentration in the aqueous phase. This explains why noninteger values are often derived by analysis of DU versus [TBP] plots to determine the number of TBP molecules involved in the extraction of uranyl in an ionic-liquid phase.

Extraction of actinides by tertiary amines in room temperature ionic liquids: evidence for anion exchange as a major process at high acidity and impact of acid nature

Extraction of U(VI) and Pu(IV) using several tri-alkylamines such as tri-n-butylamine (TBA), tri-n-hexylamine (THA), tri-n-octylamine (TOA), and tri-iso-octylamine (TiOA) in room temperature ionic liquids, [Cnmim][Tf2N] (where n = 4, 6 or 8), was investigated from nitric acid as well as hydrochloric acid medium. In the absence of the amines, the extraction results indicated an increase in the extraction of both U(VI) and Pu(IV) as a function of the acid concentration which was attributed to the extraction of probable anionic species such as UO2X3−, UO2X42−, PuX5− and PuX62−(where X = Cl− or NO3−) according to an anion-exchange mechanism involving Tf2N− ions. The presence of amines in the ionic liquid enhances the extraction of the metal ions with increased HCl concentration, especially in the case of UO22+, but the amines appear to be almost inefficient in HNO3 medium. This is ascribed to the protonation/association of amines via solubilization of H+ and NO3− ions in the ionic liquid phase in the case of nitric medium, while hydrochloric acid does not solubilize in ionic liquid, and thus the amine remains efficient. Modeling of the extraction data in HCl medium for U(VI) and Pu(IV) in the presence of amines has been performed and confirmed the anion exchange mechanism.

Ionic liquid-based uranium(VI) extraction with malonamide extractant: cation exchange vs. neutral extraction

We present new insights into the extraction of uranium(VI) from a nitric acid aqueous phase into 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid ([C4mim][Tf2N]) using a malonamide extractant, namely N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dibutylmalonamide (DMDBMA). UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments have been carried out on the extracted phases and new extraction data were used in order to model the mechanism lying behind the U(VI) extraction. We show that two different uranyl species are involved, as a function of the aqueous nitric acid concentration: the cation UO2(DMDBMA)x2+ (2 ≤ x ≤ 3) at low acid concentration, and the neutral UO2(NO3)2(DMDBMA) at high acid concentration. The former is extracted by exchange with 2 protons, while the latter is co-extracted with a HNO3 molecule. We show that the uranium extraction is performed without the direct help of IL ions, although the latter pollute noticeably the aqueous phase.

Mutual solubility of water and hydrophobic ionic liquids in the presence of hydrochloric acid

Previous studies have shown that the presence of nitric acid, the principal solute in various hydrometallurgical processes, and perchloric acid in the aqueous phase is an important factor for increased aqueous solubility of hydrophobic ionic liquids. In this study, the effect of hydrochloric acid in the aqueous phase on the mutual solubility of water and hydrophobic 1,3-dialkylimidazolium- and N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids, [Cnmim][Tf2N] (n = 2, 4, 6, and 8) and [C3C1pyrr][Tf2N], is examined at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Hydrochloric acid caused a considerable increase in the aqueous solubility of all the studied ionic liquids. The amount of water transferred into the organic phase increases with increasing hydrochloric acid concentration for short alkyl chain ILs, and the opposite trend was observed for long alkyl chain ILs. The effect of the N–H acid bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, H[Tf2N], and the salts lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Li[Tf2N], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C4mim]Cl, dissolved in hydrochloric acid solutions on the mutual solubility of water and the [C4mim][Tf2N] ionic liquid were also investigated. The salting-out effect is observed and it was shown to be dependent on the nature of the salt, its concentration and the hydrochloric acid concentration in the aqueous phase. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the dependence of the ionic liquid cation and anion concentration on the common ion salt concentration in the aqueous hydrochloric acid phase. This model describes the basic character of ionic liquid dissolution in the aqueous phase and allows for estimation of solubility product values.

Thallium Transfer from Hydrochloric Acid Media into Pure Ionic Liquids.

Pure hydrophobic ionic liquids are known to extract metallic species from aqueous solutions. In this work we have systematically investigated thallium (Tl) extraction from aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions into six pure fluorinated ionic liquids, namely imidazolium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)-imide anions. The dependence of the Tl extraction efficiency on the structure and composition of the ionic liquid ions, metal oxidation state, and initial metal and aqueous acid concentrations have been studied. Tl concentrations were on the order of picomolar (analyzed using radioactive tracers) and millimolar (analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The extraction of the cationic thallium species Tl(+) is higher for ionic liquids with more hydrophilic cations, while for the TlX(z)(3-z) anionic species (where X = Cl(-) and/or Br(-)), the extraction efficiency is greater for ionic liquids with more hydrophobic cations. The highest distribution value of Tl(III) was approximately 2000. An improved mathematical model based on ion exchange and ion pair formation mechanisms has been developed to describe the coextraction of two different anionic species, and the relative contributions of each mechanism have been determined.