Valeska Marinho

Diagnóstico de demência, depressão e psicose em idosos por avaliação cognitiva breve

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive performance of the elderly with psychosis, depression and dementia in a mental health outpatient unit. METHODS: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) were applied to 86 patients above 60 years of age referred for evaluation due to memory complaints. Patients were diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria. Socio-demographic data were expressed as means (standard deviation); MMSE and CAMCOG score of patients with psychosis, dementia and mood disorders were compared using Students T test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Of the total sample (age: 70.87 (sd=6.61); male=32; female=54; illiterate=41, educated=45; 17 (19.7%) had dementia, 11 (12.8%) psychosis and 58 (67.4%) mood disorders. The MMSE of the total sample was 21.07 (sd=6.61) and the CAMCOG = 61.50 (sd=19.78). MMSE/CAMCOG of each diagnosis: Dementia: 16.76 (sd=6.25)/48(sd=20.49); Psychosis: 20.9 (sd=5.87)/60.09 (sd=13.54); mood disorders: 22.36 (sd=5.49)/66.03 (sd=18.88). The MMSE and CAMCOG scores of patients with dementia were significantly lower than those of patients with mood disorders (ANOVA p 0.05). CONCLUSION: A brief cognitive evaluation permits a differentiation between dementia and depression but not between psychosis and depression in elderly patients of a psychiatric outpatient unit, who had complained of memory impairment. These data may be useful to develop an easy and low cost protocol to attend the population of public health services.

Topiramate may modulate alcohol abuse but not other compulsive behaviors in frontotemporal dementia: case report.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an insidious presenile neurodegenerative disorder presenting with personality changes, compulsive behaviors, psychosis, apathetic, aberrant, and elated mood and behavior. No psychopharmacologic strategy has proven to be efficacious in the treatment of FTD yet. This is a case report of FTD in a 53-year-old male engineer whose alcohol abuse, but not other compulsive behaviors, responded to topiramate. Alcohol exerts reinforcing effects on cortico-mesolimbic dopamine pathways through the disinhibition of the inhibitory effects of gamma-amino-butyric acid-A neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted fructopyranose derivative that may antagonize the reinforcing effects associated with the abuse liability of alcohol by modulation of cortico-mesolimbic dopamine function. On the basis of the mechanism of action of topiramate, we discuss the possible specificity of action of topiramate to control abusive drinking, but not to treat other clinical symptoms of FTD.

Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos nas demências: relato preliminar de uma avaliação prospectiva em um ambulatório do Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) and to correlate the level of the functional dependence, cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms in outpatients. In this prospective study, 35 elderly with dementia (DSM-IV) were evaluated over the course of one year with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Spearman correlation was used to compare cognitive, functional and behavioral symptoms in the first and last visits. The psychotic versus non-psychotic subgroups were compared by means of cognitive and functional performance. The Mann-Whitney test was used for the comparison. The MMSE scores declined and the NPI scores showed better results at endpoint. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 58.8%, agitation 55.9%, and delusion 41.2%. Significant correlations were found for functional and MMSE scores, years of formal education and NPI, but not for duration of disease. Psychotic symptoms had negative effects on daily activities of outpatients and were associated with functional decline.

DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER E ESPECTROSCOPIA POR RESSONÂNCIA MAGNÉTICA DO HIPOCAMPO

OBJECTIVE: Acquisition of data of magnetic resonance metabolite spectrum of the hippocampal formation (hippocampus-hc) in the elderly, normal and with Alzheimers disease (AD). METHOD: Subjects matched for age: a. normal sample (n=20), CDR=0, and b. AD sample (n=40), CDR 1 and 2. Technique: Signa Horizon LX-GE, 1.5T, 1H-MRS with automated software PROBE/SV, VOI: hc (right and left); single voxel (2x2x2cm); TR 1500ms/TE 50ms; PRESS; metabolites: N-acetylaspartate (Naa), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), myo-inositol (mI). RESULTS: The present data relate to the ratios of Naa, Cho and mI, with Cr taken as reference, and the mI/Naa ratio. The study showed reduction of Naa, increase of mI and of the mI/Naa ratio, and not consistent results for Cho. The results of the whole sample of AD patients compared to the pooled normal mean ± sd were significant for Naa, mI and mI/Naa (p<0.01). Accuracy in relation to the individual values of both samples showed satisfactory levels of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. CONCLUSION: The present results can be used as a helpful tool to detect pathologic changes of the hippocampus in AD, and allowing greater accuracy and an earlier diagnosis of this disease.

Efficacy and safety of risperidone oral solution in agitation associated with dementia in the elderly

BACKGROUND Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) contribute to caregiver burden and institutionalization of elderly. Neuroleptics are prescribed to control agitation. Side effects of typical neuroleptics are harmful, making atypical neuroleptics an indication. OBJECTIVES To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of risperidone oral solution (ROS) given once daily to demented elderly outpatients with BPSD (agitation). METHOD Patients (n=26), 76.35+/-8.63 years, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria for dementia. RSO was given, starting dose of 0.25 mg and increments of 0.25 mg every week. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assessed cognitive status, Behavioral and Emotional Activities Manifested in Dementia (BEAM-D) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) measured BPSD, Extrapiramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) evaluated extrapyramidal symptoms. Cardiovascular side effects were evaluated clinically. RESULTS There was a 26% reduction in agitation and no cardiovascular side effects in the range from 1.0 to 1.25 mg. Side effects were more prevalent above 2.5 mg. CONCLUSION Risperidone oral solution improved agitation with good tolerability from 0.5 to 1.25 mg. A single dose with increments of 0.25 mg may be more acceptable to patients and caregivers.

Awareness of disease in Alzheimer's dementia: description of a mild to moderate sample of patient and caregiver dyads in Brazil

BACKGROUND Impairment of deficit awareness is a clinically relevant feature of dementia affecting the maintenance of decision capacities, management and safety of patients with risk behaviors, and caregiver burden. This study assessed awareness of disease of patient/caregiver dyads and the relationship between unawareness on various domains and sociodemographic variables among elderly Brazilians with Alzheimers disease (AD). METHODS The dyads (n=52), stratified by clinical severity and age groups, responded to the Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia (ASPIDD). Statistical tests were used to compare clinical and sociodemographic variables and to calculate differences in rates of discrepant responses among mild and moderate dyads and between age groups, rates of discrepant responses among the ASPIDD domains, and association between awareness and age/age at onset. RESULTS Awareness of deficits did not differ significantly among mild patients, whereas moderate patients showed impaired recognition on all domains. Older moderate dyads showed more discrepant responses, as compared to younger dyads at both severity stages. Mild patients could associate the disease with the cognitive deficits and recognized impairments on other domains. There was no significant relation of awareness with age at onset. CONCLUSION Mild AD patients could associate the disease process with the presence of cognitive deficits, and also the changes in the emotional response with difficulties in social, family, and affective relations. Moderate AD patients were less aware of the symptoms and did not attribute them to the disease.

Awareness of disease in dementia: Development of a multidimensional rating scale

Objective To describe the development of the Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia (ASPIDD), a multidimensional scale to evaluate awareness of disease in dementia. Method The development of this scale was conducted in four steps. In step one, questions were drawn up after a review of the literature. The second step involved the suggestions offered by a neurologist regarding the skills considered important for the scale. The third step involved the re-writing and review of the domains and questions in the scale followed by a semantic evaluation performed by two independent psychiatrists. Step four consisted of the preliminary study aimed at evaluating the applicability of the ASPIDD. Results In the semantic evaluation only minor changes were proposed. The preliminary sample had 52 patients, comprising 23 CDR 1 (male=9; female=14) and 29 CDR2 (male=13; female=16).Mean age of patients was 69.7±5.51(CDR1) and 73.6±9.4 (CDR2), and age at onset was 66.4±5.7 years (CDR1) and 68.3±9.3 year (CDR2).Mean schooling was 9.0±4.3 years (CDR1) and 8.8±4.4 years (CDR2). Mean MMSE was 21.0±3.3(CDR1) and 17.6±3.5(CDR2).Mean Cornell was 4.8±2.3(CDR1) and 4.2±1.9 (CDR2). The patient and caregiver dyads were aware of problems, mainly of those related to social, family and affective relations. The higher rates of discrepant responses were found on the awareness of cognitive deficits and changes in ADL. Conclusion The ASPIDD is a multidimensional instrument to assess awareness of disease among AD patients.

Use of aripiprazole for psychosis and agitation in dementia

We report the case of an elderly woman with Alzheimers disease, risk factors for vascular dementia, and atrium-ventricular blockade, who presented with severe agitation and psychosis. She was treated with aripiprazole and assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) over the course of 14 weeks. NPI scores showed a marked decrease in psychosis and agitation at week 4, and complete recovery at week 14, except for depression.

Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro

To assess the prevalence of elder abuse and to investigate potential sociodemographic, health behavior, and medical correlates.

Recognizing Late Onset Frontotemporal Dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report

ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementias are classically described as early onset dementias with personality and behavioral changes, however, late onset forms can also be found. Considering the paucity of information about late onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and its challenging diagnosis, we present a case report of an 85-year-old woman with behavioral changes and slow progression to dementia who was first diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and then Alzheimers disease. The Daphne scale provided a structured means to improve clinical diagnosis, also supported by characteristic features on MRI and SPECT, while CSF biomarkers ruled out atypical Alzheimers disease.