Vatsavaya S. Raju

Antidote Botanicals for Snake Bites from Koyas of Warangal District, Telangana, India

Koyas, the indigenous ethnic tribe from the Godavari valley of Telangana, India, use several species of Magnoliophyta as antidotes to snake bite. The botanicals they use are usually a single aqueous extract or mixtures of extracts of roots (43.2%), tuber (9.6%), leaf (20%), stem bark (9.6%), whole plant (8%), and other parts, including latex (9.6%). The mode of administration and the dosage of antidote vary among the Koya hamlets, depending upon the availability of the plant species and the intensity of the bite. As per the traditional knowledge of the Koya tribe of Warangal district, Telangana, 125 flowering plant species were used for poisonous snake bites. These, as per Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III, largely (78.4%), the Lamiids (39), Fabids (37), and Malvids (22). The antidote species were randomly distributed amongst the Magnoliophytes.

Plant wealth of a sacred grove: Mallur Gutta, Telangana state, India

The Mallur Gutta (Hill) of Warangal district in Telangana state, India, reputed as a habitat for medicinal plants, was inventoried from 2009 to 2015 for its plant wealth through the traditional knowledge of the local people. The Hindu temples of Lord Sri Laxminarasimha Swamy and Lord Hanuman, and the ethnic worship of mahua trees indicated it was a sacred grove which was selected as a Medicinal Plants Conservation Area. The exploration of Mallur Gutta resulted in the enumeration and documentation of plant wealth representing 470 species of 318 genera pertaining to 95 families of vascular plants. The importance of the grove as the residence for many rare or medicinal species in the state of Telangana is documented. The plant diversity is analyzed in terms of growth and life forms which indicate the prevailing microclimate, ecological opportunities and the species richness. The ecological services rendered by the Mallur Gutta forest ecosystem are documented to study how the great majority of the species are used by the ethnic and nonethnic people, and also the pilgrims who visit the shrine for its serenity. The study also identified two major threats to the conservation of hill ecosystem and the archeological site: 1) biotic pressure (the ever-increasing pilgrims, grazing by cattle, goat and sheep, the development activities taken up for the pilgrims, nondegradable litter thrown, collection of medicinal plants and widening of the pathway to the Chintamani perennial stream – the trampling and alien plant invasions of the marsh sustaining the stream); and 2) the potential for fire spreading from burning the litter. The study suggests the need to initiate remedial measures toward ecosystem recovery through fencing the natural vegetation, maintaining a fire line, and restricting the movement of people and domesticated animals on the hill top.

The status assessment of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Magnoliopsida: Cleomaceae), endemic to Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India

Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Cleomaceae), a flowering plant taxon endemic to Nagarjunkonda of Krishna River Valley, Andhra Pradesh, southern India was assessed for its ecological status. The distribution of this species was mapped, population estimated and the impending threats ascertained. The extent of its area of spread is primarily limited by the water body (Nagarjunasagar) created by the impounding waters when a dam was constructed across the River Krishna at the site of its occurrence. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this taxon were estimated to be 0.20 km2 and 0.31 km2, respectively. The threat assessment places the taxon in the Critically Endangered [B1ab(iii)] category.