Velia Margarita Cárdenas-Villarreal

Maternal Eating and Physical Activity Strategies and their Relation with Children's Nutritional Status

OBJETIVOS: describir las estrategias maternas de alimentacion y actividad fisica (monitoreo, disciplina, control, limites y reforzamiento) [EMAA]; Determinar la relacion de EMAA con el estado nutricional del hijo [indice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC)]; Verificar si las EMAA son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional del hijo. METODO: participaron 558 madres e hijos (3 a 11 anos) estudiantes de escuelas publicas. Se aplico la Escala Estrategias Parentales de Alimentacion y Actividad (PEAS), se midio peso, talla y PGC del hijo. Para el analisis se obtuvieron estadisticas descriptivas, se aplico regresion lineal multiple y prueba de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: reforzamiento presento la media mas alta (62.72) y control la mas baja (50.07). Disciplina, control y limites explicaron 12% del IMC, disciplina y control el 6% del PGC. Se ejerce mayor control en hijos con obesidad (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) y mayor reforzamiento en hijos con bajo peso (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: las madres ejercen mayor control (presion para comer) en hijos con obesidad y otorgan mayor reconocimiento (felicitar por comer saludable) en hijos con bajo peso. Se recomienda modificar las estrategias parentales para fortalecer habitos saludables de alimentacion y actividad fisica.Objectives to describe the maternal eating and physical activity strategies (monitoring, discipline, control, limits and reinforcement) [MEES]; to determine the relation between MEES and the childs nutritional status [body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP)]; to verify whether the MEES differ according to the childs nutritional status. Method participants were 558 mothers and children (3 to 11 years of age) who studied at public schools. The Parental Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale (PEAS) was applied and the childs weight, height and BFP were measured. For analysis purposes, descriptive statistics were obtained, using multiple linear regression and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results the highest mean score was found for reinforcement (62.72) and the lowest for control (50.07). Discipline, control and limits explained 12% of the BMI, while discipline and control explained 6% of the BFP. Greater control is found for obese children (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) and greater reinforcement for underweight children (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). Conclusions the mothers exert greater control (pressure to eat) over obese children and greater recognition (congratulating due to healthy eating) in underweight children. Modifications in parental strategies are recommended with a view to strengthening healthy eating and physical activity habits.

Integrating genomic analysis with the genetic basis of gene expression: preliminary evidence of the identification of causal genes for cardiovascular and metabolic traits related to nutrition in Mexicans

Whole-transcriptome expression profiling provides novel phenotypes for analysis of complex traits. Gene expression measurements reflect quantitative variation in transcript-specific messenger RNA levels and represent phenotypes lying close to the action of genes. Understanding the genetic basis of gene expression will provide insight into the processes that connect genotype to clinically significant traits representing a central tenet of system biology. Synchronous in vivo expression profiles of lymphocytes, muscle, and subcutaneous fat were obtained from healthy Mexican men. Most genes were expressed at detectable levels in multiple tissues, and RNA levels were correlated between tissue types. A subset of transcripts with high reliability of expression across tissues (estimated by intraclass correlation coefficients) was enriched for cis-regulated genes, suggesting that proximal sequence variants may influence expression similarly in different cellular environments. This integrative global gene expression profiling approach is proving extremely useful for identifying genes and pathways that contribute to complex clinical traits. Clearly, the coincidence of clinical trait quantitative trait loci and expression quantitative trait loci can help in the prioritization of positional candidate genes. Such data will be crucial for the formal integration of positional and transcriptomic information characterized as genetical genomics.

Estrategias Maternas de Alimentación y Actividad Física y su Relación con el Estado Nutricional de los Hijos

OBJETIVOS: describir las estrategias maternas de alimentacion y actividad fisica (monitoreo, disciplina, control, limites y reforzamiento) [EMAA]; Determinar la relacion de EMAA con el estado nutricional del hijo [indice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC)]; Verificar si las EMAA son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional del hijo. METODO: participaron 558 madres e hijos (3 a 11 anos) estudiantes de escuelas publicas. Se aplico la Escala Estrategias Parentales de Alimentacion y Actividad (PEAS), se midio peso, talla y PGC del hijo. Para el analisis se obtuvieron estadisticas descriptivas, se aplico regresion lineal multiple y prueba de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: reforzamiento presento la media mas alta (62.72) y control la mas baja (50.07). Disciplina, control y limites explicaron 12% del IMC, disciplina y control el 6% del PGC. Se ejerce mayor control en hijos con obesidad (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) y mayor reforzamiento en hijos con bajo peso (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: las madres ejercen mayor control (presion para comer) en hijos con obesidad y otorgan mayor reconocimiento (felicitar por comer saludable) en hijos con bajo peso. Se recomienda modificar las estrategias parentales para fortalecer habitos saludables de alimentacion y actividad fisica.Objectives to describe the maternal eating and physical activity strategies (monitoring, discipline, control, limits and reinforcement) [MEES]; to determine the relation between MEES and the childs nutritional status [body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP)]; to verify whether the MEES differ according to the childs nutritional status. Method participants were 558 mothers and children (3 to 11 years of age) who studied at public schools. The Parental Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale (PEAS) was applied and the childs weight, height and BFP were measured. For analysis purposes, descriptive statistics were obtained, using multiple linear regression and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results the highest mean score was found for reinforcement (62.72) and the lowest for control (50.07). Discipline, control and limits explained 12% of the BMI, while discipline and control explained 6% of the BFP. Greater control is found for obese children (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) and greater reinforcement for underweight children (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). Conclusions the mothers exert greater control (pressure to eat) over obese children and greater recognition (congratulating due to healthy eating) in underweight children. Modifications in parental strategies are recommended with a view to strengthening healthy eating and physical activity habits.

Genetic structure of Mexican Mestizos with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on three STR loci.

BACKGROUND The aims of this population genetics study were: 1) to ascertain whether Mexicans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were genetically homogeneous and 2) to compare the genetic structure of this selected population with the previously reported data of four random populations (Nuevo León, Hispanics, Chihuahua, and Central Region of Mexico). METHODS A sample of 103 unrelated individuals with DM and whose 4 grandparents were born in five zones of Mexico was interviewed in 32 Medical Units in the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). The non-coding STRs D16S539, D7S820, and D13S317 were analyzed. RESULTS Genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations for all three markers. Allele frequencies were found to be similar between the selected population and the four random populations. Gene diversity analysis suggested that more than 99.57% of the total gene diversity could be attributed to variation between individuals within the population and 0.43% between the populations. CONCLUSIONS According to the present and previous studies using molecular and non-molecular nuclear DNA markers not associated with any disease, the Mexican Mestizo population is found to be genetically homogeneous and therefore the genetic causes of DM are less heterogeneous, thereby simplifying genetic epidemiological studies as has been found in a previous study with the same design in Mexican women with breast cancer.

Asociación de la percepción materna del peso del hijo y estilos maternos de alimentación infantil

Introduction: Mothers do not recognize when their child is overweight or obese (OW-OB), and the evidence suggests a relationship between inadequate maternal perception of her child weight (MPCW), and maternal feeding style (MFS). Objectives: a) To assess the reliability of the Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ); b) to verify association between MPCW and child’ nutritional status; c) to describe the MFS; d) to verify differences between MPCW and child’s body mass index (BMI); e) and to verify the association between MPCW and MFS. Methods: 566 dyads participated (mother/preschool child). Mothers circle the image that more resembled their child (MPCW), and answered the CFSQ. Cronbach alpha coeffi cient was calculated. V Cramer, ANOVA and Chi-square were applied. Results: The internal consistency of CFSQ was 0.88. The 8.4% (n = 12) mothers of children are OW-OB had adequate MPCW (V = 0.26, p = 0.001). The most frequent MFS was authoritarian (34.5%, n = 195), MFS uninvolved presented the highest child’ BMI (F = 3.91, p < 0.05). When mothers perceive her child is OW-OB have a MFS uninvolved (χ2 = 15,384, df = 6, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Mothers of children with OW-OB have an inadequate MPCW and more frequently have a MFS authoritarian. When the mother perceive their child is OW-OB has MFS uninvolved. Interventions to help the mothers to recognize their child is OW-OB and teaching strategies that promote MFS authoritative are recommended.

Estratégias maternas referentes à alimentação e à atividade física e sua relação com o estado nutricional dos filhos

OBJETIVOS: describir las estrategias maternas de alimentacion y actividad fisica (monitoreo, disciplina, control, limites y reforzamiento) [EMAA]; Determinar la relacion de EMAA con el estado nutricional del hijo [indice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC)]; Verificar si las EMAA son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional del hijo. METODO: participaron 558 madres e hijos (3 a 11 anos) estudiantes de escuelas publicas. Se aplico la Escala Estrategias Parentales de Alimentacion y Actividad (PEAS), se midio peso, talla y PGC del hijo. Para el analisis se obtuvieron estadisticas descriptivas, se aplico regresion lineal multiple y prueba de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: reforzamiento presento la media mas alta (62.72) y control la mas baja (50.07). Disciplina, control y limites explicaron 12% del IMC, disciplina y control el 6% del PGC. Se ejerce mayor control en hijos con obesidad (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) y mayor reforzamiento en hijos con bajo peso (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: las madres ejercen mayor control (presion para comer) en hijos con obesidad y otorgan mayor reconocimiento (felicitar por comer saludable) en hijos con bajo peso. Se recomienda modificar las estrategias parentales para fortalecer habitos saludables de alimentacion y actividad fisica.Objectives to describe the maternal eating and physical activity strategies (monitoring, discipline, control, limits and reinforcement) [MEES]; to determine the relation between MEES and the childs nutritional status [body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP)]; to verify whether the MEES differ according to the childs nutritional status. Method participants were 558 mothers and children (3 to 11 years of age) who studied at public schools. The Parental Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale (PEAS) was applied and the childs weight, height and BFP were measured. For analysis purposes, descriptive statistics were obtained, using multiple linear regression and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results the highest mean score was found for reinforcement (62.72) and the lowest for control (50.07). Discipline, control and limits explained 12% of the BMI, while discipline and control explained 6% of the BFP. Greater control is found for obese children (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) and greater reinforcement for underweight children (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). Conclusions the mothers exert greater control (pressure to eat) over obese children and greater recognition (congratulating due to healthy eating) in underweight children. Modifications in parental strategies are recommended with a view to strengthening healthy eating and physical activity habits.

Maternal perceptions on Well Child Care

The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.

Percepções maternas do Cuidado à Criança Sadia

The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.

Percepciones maternas del Cuidado del Niño Sano

The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.The aim was to analyze well child nursing care (WCC) and to distinguish if the care is procedure or user centered. The concepts of the nursing work process and the micro-politics of health work supported this qualitative study. Systematic direct observation of 87 WCC consultations was accomplished at one Family Medicine Unit and semistructured interviews were held with 25 mothers who attended WCC consultations with their child. Data saturation and understanding of the meaning were the criteria used to determine the number of observations and interviews. Thematic analysis was applied. The activity was focused on procedures, which cannot be considered WHCC. The mothers value comprehensive care and request information on the growth and development of their children. Educative topic should be addressed and trust relations should be established with a view to user-centered care delivery.