Venkata Ramana Vollala

Multiple variations of the urogenital vascular system in a single cadaver: a case report

IntroductionThe knowledge of renal vascular anatomy and its variations are very much essential in case of renal transplantation, renal surgeries, uroradiology, gonadal color doppler imaging, in surgeries of aneurysm of abdominal aorta, in gonadal surgeries.Case presentationWe report a rare combination of vascular variations in a 48 years old male cadaver, included the retroaortic left renal vein opening in to the left common iliac vein, an accessory renal artery arising from the left common iliac artery which supplied the lower end of left kidney and left testicular artery originating from left renal artery. Clinical and embryological back ground of the above mentioned variations have been discussed in this paper.ConclusionA deeper understanding of the urogenital vascular variations and their special relations to adjacent vessels is especially significant in avoiding the complications in clinical operation and examination and in recognizing the causes of urinary and genital disorders.

Trifurcation of brachial artery with variant course of radial artery: Rare observation

Variations in the arterial pattern of the upper limb have been observed frequently, either in the routine dissections or in clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to describe the anatomical, surgical and embryological importance of major arteries of upper limbs of human beings. The present article is the report of low division and trifurcation of brachial artery and abnormal course of radial artery (passing deep to the pronator teres muscle) found in a 45-year-old embalmed male cadaver. Knowledge of the arterial variations in the upper limb is of considerable importance during invasive and non-invasive investigative procedures or orthopedic, reconstructive, or surgical procedures.

Bilateral variant testicular arteries with double renal arteries

BackgroundThe testicular arteries normally arise from the abdominal aorta. There are reports about the variant origin of these arteries. Accessory renal arteries are also a common finding but their providing origin to testicular arteries is an important observation. The variations described here are unique and provide significant information to surgeons dissecting the abdominal cavity.Case presentationDuring routine dissection classes of abdominal region of a 60-year-old male cadaver, we observed bilateral variant testicular arteries and double renal arteries.ConclusionAwareness of variations of the testicular arteries such as those presented here becomes important during surgical procedures like varicocele and undescended testes.

Unusual pectoralis major muscle: The chondroepitrochlearis

Presented herein is a case of an extremely rare muscle in the pectoral region. It involved an accessory muscular slip originating from the pectoralis major and inserting onto the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the medial intermuscular septum. According to the literature this muscle is defined as chondroepitrochlearis. The arterial and nervous supply to the muscle came from the lateral thoracic artery and the medial pectoral nerve, respectively. Clinical considerations of such a variation include ulnar nerve entrapment and functionally limited abduction of the humerus.

Accessory Head of Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle and its Significance in Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome: Case Report and Review

Durante una diseccion en el laboratorio se encontro en el antebrazo derecho de un cadaver de sexo masculino una cabeza accesoria del musculo flexor largo del pulgar. Esta se originaba de la superficie profunda del musculo flexor superficial de los dedos, inmediatamente distal al origen de este musculo en el epiconddilo medial. El vientre accesorio se dirigia hacia abajo medial al tendon del musculo flexor largo del pulgar hasta su insercion. Se discute detalladamente su posible rol en el sindrome interoseo anterior

Enhancement of basolateral amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization following Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats

OBJECTIVE: In the ancient Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Bacopa monniera is classified as Medhya rasayana, which includes medicinal plants that rejuvenate intellect and memory. Here, we investigated the effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera on the dendritic morphology of neurons in the basolateral amygdala, a region that is concerned with learning and memory. METHODS: The present study was conducted on 2½-month-old Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 2-, 4- and 6-week treatment groups. Rats in each of these groups were further divided into 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg dose groups (n  =  8 for each dose). After the treatment period, treated rats and age-matched control rats were subjected to spatial learning (T-maze) and passive avoidance tests. Subsequently, these rats were killed by decapitation, the brains were removed, and the amygdaloid neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Basolateral amygdaloid neurons were traced using camera lucida, and dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and dendritic intersections (a measure of dendritic length) were quantified. These data were compared with the data from the age-matched control rats. RESULTS: The results showed an improvement in spatial learning performance and enhanced memory retention in rats treated with Bacopa monniera extract. Furthermore, a significant increase in dendritic length and the number of dendritic branching points was observed along the length of the dendrites of the basolateral amygdaloid neurons of rats treated with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of Bacopa monniera (BM) for longer periods of time (i.e., 4 and 6 weeks). CONCLUSION: We conclude that constituents present in Bacopa monniera extract have neuronal dendritic growth-stimulating properties.

Anomalous superficial peroneal nerve and variant cutaneous innervation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot: a case report

BackgroundThe superficial peroneal nerve is a branch of common peroneal nerve. There are reports about the variant course and distribution of this nerve. The sural nerve arises from the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The variations of the above nerves described here are unique and provide significant information to surgeons dissecting lower limb.Case presentationThe present case is about some important anatomic variations observed in left lower limb of approximately 55 - year - old male cadaver. The variations were; high division of superficial peroneal nerve into medial and lateral branches, lateral branch descending in the anterior intermuscular septum in a peroneal tunnel before piercing the deep fascia and variant distribution of sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot. The probable clinical significances of the variation are discussed.ConclusionAwareness of anatomical variations of superficial peroneal and sural nerves such as those presented here becomes important to avoid injury in real clinical situations.

Absence of Inferior Gluteal Artery: A Rare Observation

La region glutea es una importante area anatomica y clinica, la cual contiene musculos y vitales elementos neurovasculares. Estos ultimos son importantes por razones clinicas y morfologicas. En este trabajo describimos un raro caso de ausencia de la arteria glutea inferior. Encontramos tambien que la arteria glutea superior tenia su origen en la division anterior de la arteria iliaca interna. Las estructuras irrigadas normalmente por la arteria glutea inferior estaban irrigadas por una rama que se originaba de la arteria glutea superior. Son discutidos el desarrollo y el significado clinico de esta variacion anatomica

Common celiacomesenteric trunk: a rare anatomic variation

O tronco unico celiaco-mesenterico, com as arterias celiaca e mesenterica superior tendo uma origem comum a partir da aorta, e a variante anatomica menos reportada dentre todas as anomalias vasculares abdominais. Conhecer as variantes do tronco celiaco e da arteria mesenterica superior e de grande importância tanto para abordagens cirurgicas quanto para exames angiograficos. E importante que os medicos tenham em mente essas variantes a fim de evitar complicacoes.

Four cases of variations in the forearm extensor musculature in a study of hundred limbs and review of literature

All surgeons must bear in mind the existence of muscular variations when performing common tendon transfers. Presence of additional bellies and tendons of existing muscles or presence of additional muscles in unusual locations might misguide a surgeon, during surgery and also during diagnosis. In the present paper we are reporting four cases of variations encountered during the study of extensor muscles of the forearm in 100 limbs. In Case 1, additional bellies of extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis and multiple tendons of insertion of abductor pollicis longus were observed in a single limb. In Case 2, an additional belly of the abductor pollicis longus was observed. In Case 3, a short muscle on the dorsum of the hand going to the index finger [extensor indicis brevis (EIB)] was found in addition to the normal extensor indicis (EI). It was also observed that some of the most superficial fleshy fibers of EIB were getting inserted into the tendon of EI. In Case 4, a rare incidence of extensor digiti medii proprius was observed. Further, the related literature is reviewed and the clinical and surgical importance of these muscular variations in diagnosis and proper planning of treatment is discussed.