Vera Lúcia Jornada Krebs

Nosocomial infection in newborns by Pichia anomala in a Brazilian intensive care unit

Disseminated candidiasis is the most common nosocomial fungal infection, and Candida albicans has been reported to account for 50% to more than 70% of cases of invasive candidiasis. However, recent reports have also suggested the emergence of infections caused by non-albicans species. In addition, less-common pathogenic yeasts (Malassezia, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Debaryomyces and Pichia) have recently been reported, with increased frequency, as causes of nosocomial infections with high mortality. This article describes two cases of fungemia caused by Pichia anomala in newborns that occurred in an intensive care unit (ICU), in November 2004 at the Instituto da Criança (Pediatric Institute) of the Hospital das Clínicas of the School of Medicine, São Paulo University, Brazil. The principal factors related to virulence (proteinase and phospholipase) and the susceptibility of the isolated strains to antifungal agents were also evaluated, and the biotype of each strain was determined through the use of an epidemiological marker (killer biotype).

Early neonatal morbidity and mortality in growth-discordant twins.

Objective. To evaluate early neonatal morbidity and mortality in twin pregnancies with growth discordance. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Tertiary teaching hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Population. A total of 151 twin pregnancies managed and delivered at the Multiple Pregnancy Unit at São Paulo University Hospital between 1998 and 2004. Methods. Comparison between twin pregnancies with weight discordance ≥20% and pregnancies concordant for fetal weight. Cases with fetal death, abnormalities, twin‐to‐twin transfusion and delivery before 26 weeks or in another hospital were excluded. Outcome measures. Early neonatal morbidity (Apgar at 5 minutes <7, respiratory or neurological complications, infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, length of hospital stay) and mortality. Results. Forty (26.5%) pregnancies presented discordance ≥20% and 111 (73.5%) were concordant. In the discordant group, 75% of pregnancies had at least one growth restricted fetus (<10th centile). In concordant twin pregnancies, monochorionic cases (22.5%) presented with lower gestational age (34.3 vs. 36.2 weeks), lower birthweight (2,067 vs. 2,334 g) and a longer period of hospital stay (5.5 vs. 3.0) compared to dichorionic concordant twins. No differences between monochorionic and dichorionic subgroups were observed in discordant twins. Pregnancies in which at least one baby was born with a birthweight below the 10th centile showed that discordant pregnancies had a lower gestational age at delivery (35.2 vs. 36.8 weeks) and a longer period of hospital stay (9 vs. 4 weeks) compared to concordant cases. Neonatal mortality was similar in discordant (3.7%) and concordant (4.5%) twins. Conclusion. Early perinatal morbidity is increased in twin pregnancies with birthweight discordance ≥20% only when associated with fetal growth restriction and low birthweight.

Effects of the use of fortified raw maternal milk on very low birth weight infants.

OBJECTIVE To compare the weight and height gain and the frequency of clinical complications in preterm newborns weighing less than 1,500 g, exclusively fed human milk or fortified human milk until reaching 1,800 g. METHODS Prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial involving 40 preterm infants weighing < 1,500 g at birth and <or= 34 weeks of gestational age, admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from August 2005 to April 2007. Preterm infants were randomized into two groups: control (human milk) and intervention (fortified human milk). Fortifiers were added to manually expressed human milk when feeding volume reached 100 mL/kg/day until newborns reached 1,800 g. Daily weight gain, weekly length and head circumference gain, nutritional variables and clinical complications were compared. RESULTS Human milk fortification resulted in better growth, with length gain of 1.09 and 0.87 cm/week (p = 0.003) and head circumference gain of 0.73 and 1.02 cm/week (p = 0.0001), respectively, for intervention and control groups. The weight gain was 24.4 and 21.1 g/day (p = 0.075). There were no significant clinical complications. CONCLUSIONS Human milk fortification resulted in better growth, significant increase in length and head circumference.

Conjoined twins pregnancies: experience with 36 cases from a single center.

To review a single center´s experience in the management of twin pregnancies with conjoined fetuses.

Candida parapsilosis candidaemia in a neonatal unit over 7 years: a case series study.

Objective To evaluate Candida parapsilosis candidaemia in a neonatal unit over 7 years. Design Case series study. Setting A 2000-bed tertiary-care university hospital at São Paulo, Brazil. Participants Neonates hospitalised in a 63-bed neonatal unit. Primary and secondary outcome measures We evaluated the incidence of C parapsilosis fungemia in a neonatal unit from 2002 through 2008 and the main microbiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this disease in neonates. During the study period an outbreak occurred, an infection control programme was implemented, and isolates from blood and hand healthcare workers (HCWs) were submitted to molecular typing. Results During 7 years, there were 36 cases of C parapsilosis fungaemia and annual incidence varied from 0 to 19.7 per 1000 admissions. Evaluating 31 neonates with fungemia, the mean age at diagnosis was 19 days. All children except for one were premature; all had received total parenteral nutrition and all but one had used central venous catheter. Three neonates had received antifungal treatment previously to the diagnosis. Thirty-day mortality was 45%. Only lower birthweight was associated with mortality. C parapsilosis species complex was isolated from hand cultures in eight (11%) of the HCWs (one isolate was identified as C orthopsilosis). By molecular typing no HCW isolate was similar to any of the blood isolates. Conclusions The incidence of C parapsilosis fungemia in a neonatal unit varied widely over 7 years. We observed in our series a higher death rate than that reported in European countries and the USA.

Clinical outcome of neonatal bacterial meningitis according to birth weight

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical outcome and the complications of bacterial meningitis according to birth weight of out born neonates admitted in intensive care unit during an 11 year-period. METHOD Eighty-seven newborns were studied. Thirty-four infants were low birth weight newborn and 53 presented birth weight >or= 2500 g. The clinical data were obtained through the analysis of patients files. Fishers exact test, the c2 and the Mann-Whitney test were applied. RESULTS Neurological symptoms were more common in infants weighed >or= 2500 g (p<0.05). Complications affected half of the cases in both groups. Complications affected half of the cases in both groups, with an overall mortality rate of 11.5%. CONCLUSION The rate of complications was high in both groups, regardless of the birth weight. No association was observed between the occurrence of death and birth weight. Infants with positive CSF culture had a poorer prognosis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of newborn with meningitis

OBJECTIVE To analyze the usefulness of determining the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) for the early diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis of neonatal meningitis. METHOD We studied 54 newborn that underwent lumbar puncture. Thirty patients had meningitis and 24 were the control group. CSF and sera were obtained at the moment of suspicion of meningitis and stored at -70 degrees C. Cytokines were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS CSF cytokines were detected in all the newborn with meningitis. TNF-alpha was detected in the CSF in 63.3% of the neonates, IL-1beta in 73.3% and IL-6 in 96.6%. The CSF levels were significantly higher than serum in neonates with meningitis. There was no correlation between the CSF levels of cytokines and neurologic complications. CONCLUSION The detection of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in the CSF is of great value in order to achieve a early diagnosis of neonatal meningitis. Among the three cytokines analyzed, IL-6 was the best indicator of meningeal inflammation.

Fatores de risco para meningite bacteriana no recém-nascido

The aim of this study is to describe the risk factors for bacterial meningitis in newborns, and to analyze the prevalence of these factors, considering or not the low birth weight presence. Fifty newborns with bacterial meningitis were analyzed, excluding the ones with meningomyelocele or congenital infection. In the statistical analysis, the Fishers exact test was used, considering significant the p < 0.05 values. This study has shown that prematurity, low birth weight and presence of previous infectious diseases in the newborn or in the mother were important risk factors for meningitis. Among low birth weight newborns, invasive procedures, especially tracheal intubation, use of central venous catheter and previous use of antibiotics, were significantly associated to the meningitis occurrence. These results indicate that the improvement in the prenatal care and in the hospital infection control are measures of high importance in the decrease of the incidence of neonatal bacterial meningitis.

Necrotizing fasciitis in a newborn infant: a case report

We report the case of a one-day-old newborn infant, female, birth weight 1900 g, gestational age 36 weeks presenting with necrotizing fasciitis caused by E. coli and Morganella morganii. The newborn was allowed to fall into the toilet bowl during a domestic delivery. The initial lesion was observed at 24 hours of life on the left leg at the site of the venipuncture for the administration of hypertonic glucose solution. Despite early treatment, a rapid progression occurred resulting in a fatal outcome. We call attention to the risk presented by this serious complication in newborns with a contaminated delivery, and highlight the site of the lesion and causal agents.

Surgical Treatment of Myelomeningocele Carried Out at ‘Time Zero’ Immediately after Birth

Background/Aims: To present a protocol of immediate surgical repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) after birth (‘time zero’) and compare this surgical outcome with the surgery performed after the newborn’s admission to the nursery before the operation. Methods: Data from the medical files of 31 patients with MMC that underwent surgery after birth and after admission at the nursery (group I) were compared with a group of 23 patients with MMC admitted and prospectively followed, who underwent surgery immediately after birth – ‘at time zero’ (group II). Results: The preoperative rupture of the MMC occurred more frequently in group I (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.05). The need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt was 84% in group I and 65% in group II and 4 of them were performed during the same anesthetic time as the immediate MMC repair, with no statistically significant difference. Group I had a higher incidence of small dehiscences when compared to group II (29 vs. 13%, p < 0.05); however, there was no statistically significant difference regarding infections. After 1 year of follow-up, 61% of group I showed neurodevelopmental delay, whereas only 35% of group II showed it. Conclusions: The surgical intervention carried out immediately after the birth showed benefits regarding a lower incidence of preoperative rupture of the MMC, postoperative dehiscences and lower incidence of neurodevelopmental delay 1 year after birth.