Victor Augustus Marin

A falta de informação sobre os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados no Brasil

This article presents a review about the labeling of products that have Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), also called transgenic elements in their composition. It addresses the conventions, laws and regulations relating to such products currently governing the market, the adequacy of these existing standards and their acceptance by society. It also examines the importance of the cautionary principle when assessing the application of new technologies or technologies where little is known or where there is no relevant scientific knowledge about the potential risks to the environment, human health and society.

Rotulagem de alimentos que contém Organismos Geneticamente Modificados: políticas internacionais e Legislação no Brasil

O crescimento da area de superficie plantada com as culturas geneticamente modificadas, com a consequente liberacao dessas lavouras para o ambiente e para a comercializacao, levantou questionamentos sobre a seguranca destes produtos. A entrada em vigor do Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Biosseguranca , fez com que houvesse a necessidade de aquisicao de informacoes e capacitacao nesta area para a implementacao de politicas de biosseguranca e para tomadas de decisoes por partes dos governos em niveis nacionais, regionais e internacionais. O presente artigo apresenta as duas principais vertentes politicas sobre rotulagem de produtos geneticamente modificados (uma adotada pelos Estados Unidos da America e outra pela Uniao Europeia), assim como a posicao adotada pelo Brasil e sua atual legislacao acerca de rotulagem e liberacao comercial de produtos geneticamente modificados (GM).

Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Cheese Samples Based on the smeT Gene

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen linked not only to bacteremia, sepsis, and pneumonia but also to severe chronic enteritis. Persons with the impaired immune system are prone to be infected by S. maltophilia since its pathogenicity seems to be more associated with the host immune system than with the acquisition of specific virulence genes. In the dairy chain, S. maltophilia is linked to clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy cows, and it has been identified in cheese, and raw and pasteurized milk. There are reports of misidentification of S. maltophilia by commercial systems and PCR assays using primers based on the 23S rRNA and smeD genes, so the smeT gene is an alternative to identifying S. maltophilia by PCR due to its specificity to the S. maltophilia species. The present study reports an alternative species-specific PCR assay based on the smeT gene designed to identify S. maltophilia in cheese samples. We performed in silico and in vitro analyses to check the specificity of the primer pair. In silico analysis showed specificity of the primer pair to the species level. In vitro analysis was performed by testing the primer pair against pools of bacteria grown from 33 fresh Minas cheese samples acquired in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, without unspecific amplification.

Molecular Detection, Typing, and Quantification of Campylobacter spp. in Foods of Animal Origin

The most frequently reported zoonosis and the main bacterial foodborne disease infection in humans is caused by Campylobacter spp., and C. jejuni and C. coli are the most common types. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of cattle, dogs, cats, sheep, poultry and pigs. The isolation of this microorganism is laborious because it requires specific media and a low oxygen concentration for growth. Additionally, differentiation between species through conventional bacteriology is difficult, as there are few different biochemical characteristics among the various species. Molecular microbiological techniques have become more important and are now broadly applied to help overcome difficulties in the identification, differentiation, and quantification of this pathogen. To date, there have been advances in the development and use of molecular techniques for the identification of microorganisms in foodstuffs. Tools such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing are the most commonly used for typing. For the identification and confirmation of species, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is crucial. Quantification by real-time PCR has wide applicability. To identify strains and antimicrobial resistance genes, sequencing technologies have been applied. This review builds on the discussion about the main and most widely used molecular methods for Campylobacter, as well as methods showing better potential for the classification, identification, and quantification of this important pathogen.

O risco das aminas biogênicas nos alimentos

Biogenic amines are low molecular weight organic bases with biological activity, produced by the action of the decarboxylase enzyme. Microorganisms used in food fermentation are able to produce them. Consumption of these compounds causes serious toxicological effects, which are undesirable for human health. Although there is no specific legislation regarding the amine content in food and beverages, the presence and accumulation of amines is a matter of great importance. The aim of this review is to highlight the need for further studies and foment debate about the presence of biogenic amines in a variety of foods.