Vijay Raj Singh

Quasi-physical phase compensation in digital holographic microscopy

In digital holographic microscopy, if an optical setup is well aligned, the phase curvature introduced by the microscope objective (MO) together with the illuminating wave to the object wave is a spherical phase curvature. It can be physically compensated by introducing the same spherical phase curvature in the reference beam. Digital holographic microscopy setups based on the Michelson interferometric configuration with MO and an adjustable lens are presented, which can well perform the quasi-physical phase compensation during the hologram recording. In the reflection mode, the adjustable lens serves as both the condensing lens and the compensation lens. When the spatial frequency spectra of the hologram become a point spectrum, one can see that the phase curvature introduced by imaging is quasi-physically compensated. A simple plane numerical reference wavefront used for the reconstruction can give the correct quantitative phase map of the test object. A theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration are given. The simplicity of the presented setup makes it easy to align it well at lower cost.

Time-averaged in-line digital holographic interferometry for vibration analysis

Time-averaged in-line digital holography is applied for vibration analysis. In particular, by use of a double-exposure approach, simultaneous determination of vibration mode shape and mean static state deformation during a vibration cycle are obtained. The subtraction of two numerically reconstructed digital holograms recorded at the same resonant frequency but with a small difference in amplitude shows the mixing of Bessel-type time-averaged fringes owing to vibration and of the double-exposure fringes owing to differences in the mean deformation of the object. It is shown that separation of these fringe patterns can be readily accomplished numerically. An experimental demonstration of this effect by use of in-line digital holography for relatively small membranes is demonstrated.

Amplitude and phase analysis in digital dynamic holography

Lensless in-line digital holographic interferometry has the potential for vibration analysis of objects smaller than 5 mm in diameter. This is particularly useful for dynamic characterization of microelectromechanical systems devices. To achieve this, there is a need to magnify the object wave, which is done using a diverging beam. It is observed that an increase in the object-to-CCD distance increases the sensitivity of the amplitude-modulated time-average fringes. At the same time the effect on phase information that represents the mean static deformation of a vibrating object is studied. It is also observed that a reduction in the object-to-CCD distance increases the phase sensitivity as evidenced by the double-exposure time-average fringes. The experimental observation and a theoretical explanation for this contradictory phenomenon are presented.

Analysis of the vibration modes of piezoelectric circular microdiaphragms

The vibration modes of a piezoelectric circular microdiaphragm (PCM) are visualized and investigated in this paper. The PCM was previously fabricated by combining sol–gel PZT thin film and MEMS technology (Olfatnia et al 2010 J. Micromech. Microeng. 20 015007). We used a reflection digital holography microscope to visualize different frequency modes. It was found that the degeneracy of the modes with at least one nodal diameter is broken, even though it was expected that these orthogonal modes are degenerated in frequency (Meirovitch 1967 Analytical Methods in Vibrations (New York: Macmillan)). These non-degenerated modes are correlated to the lack of symmetry of the PCM, mainly imposed by the top electrode configuration. The theoretical and experimental measurements of the resonance frequency of different modes show that even though for the first fundamental mode, the diaphragm behaves more like a membrane, in higher modes the stiffness contribution increases, for instance, from 6% in mode (0, 1) to 46% in mode (0, 3). Finite element simulations demonstrate that the frequency shift of the PCM to mass loading increases in higher frequency modes. This shift is almost 8.5 times higher in mode (0, 3) than in mode (0, 1). The impedance characterization of the PCM shows that by applying higher excitation voltages, more vibration modes can be excited. However, these higher voltages induce geometric nonlinearities in the PCM, which in turn increases the resonant frequency of the device.

Talbot holographic illumination nonscanning (THIN) fluorescence microscopy

Optical sectioning techniques offer the ability to acquire three-dimensional information from various organ tissues by discriminating between the desired in-focus and out-of-focus (background) signals. Alternative techniques to confocal, such as active structured illumination, exist for fast optically sectioned images, but they require individual axial planes to be imaged consecutively. In this article, an imaging technique (THIN), by utilizing active Talbot illumination in 3D and multiplexed holographic Bragg filters for depth discrimination, is demonstrated for imaging in vivo 3D biopsy without mechanical or optical axial scanning.

Sectioning of amplitude images in digital holography

In this paper a novel method is proposed to section in-line digital holograms to display only in-focus particles at any particular plane. The effect of zero-order term, conjugate image wave and more importantly the particles outside the plane of interest (defocused images) are simultaneously minimized. Furthermore, all this is accomplished from a single hologram with no additional processing such as subtraction of the reference wave prior to reconstruction or thresholding or other curve-fitting algorithms.

Full-field phase modulation characterization of liquid-crystal spatial light modulator using digital holography

A direct quantitative phase measurement method to characterize intrinsic phase modulation from an entire active area of transmissive twisted-nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (TN-LCSLM) is presented using digital holography (DH). The change in birefringence of liquid crystal material with respect to addressed gray scale produces phase modulation of wavefront transmitted through TN-LCSLM. Existing methods for phase modulation characterization of LCSLM mainly provides point measurement on its total active region. In this paper, the DH method is evolved to extract quantitative phase information of an entire active area from a single digital hologram formed using the complex wavefront transmitted through TN-LCSLM.

Compact handheld digital holographic microscopy system development

Development of a commercial prototype of reflection handheld digital holographic microscope system is presented in this paper. The concept is based on lensless magnification using diverging wave geometry and the miniaturized optical design which provides a compact packaged system. The optical geometry design provides the same curvature of object and reference waves and thus phase aberration is automatically compensated. The basic methodology of the system is developed and it further explored for 3D imaging, static deflection and vibration measurements applications. Based on the developed methodology an user-friendly software is developed suitable for industrial shop floor environment. The applications of the system are presented for 3D imaging, static deflection measurement and vibration analysis of MEMS samples. The developed system is well suitable for the testing of MEMS and Microsystems samples, with full-field and real-time features, for static and dynamic inspection and characterization and to monitor micro-fabrication process.

Amplitude contrast image enhancement in digital holography for particles analysis

In-line digital holography is presented for the particles analysis in 3-D. The presence of zero order wave, conjugate image wave, and defocused images degrade the image quality in in-line digital holography. In this paper we utilise the numerical reconstruction process to minimise these effects. We present a new subtraction method of reconstructed wave fields for particles analysis. The effects of zero order term, conjugate image wave and more importantly the particles outside the plane of interest (defocused images) are simultaneously minimized, and thus improve the contrast of reconstructed amplitude images. This method is useful to slice in-line digital holograms to display only in-focus particles at any particular plane. Furthermore all this is accomplished from a single hologram with no additional pre or post processing required.

In-line digital holography for dynamic metrology of MEMS

In-line digital holography helps to relax the spatial resolution requirement on charge-coupled device sensors for digital recording of holograms and to utilize the full sensing area for image reconstruction which provides larger field of view and better imaging resolution. In this letter, a lensless in-line digital holographic microscopy is presented for dynamic metrology of micro-electro-mechanical systems devices. The methodologies of interferometry and time-averaged in-line digital holography are presented for dynamic measurements, which are also useful for simultaneous suppression of in-line waves from real image wave. The experimental results are presented for dynamic thermal characterization of microheater and vibration analysis of cantilevers.